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Raimundus Lullus, ‘Liber amici et amati’: Introduction and Critical Text

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2016

Charles Lohr ,
Fernando Domínguez ,
Georg Adams ,
Christoph Karpeta ,
Hildegard Marquardt  and
Udo Richter
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Extract

The Libre de Evast e Blanquerna of Ramon Lull (1232/34–1316) is a Utopian novel, pleading for the reform of various social and religious classes. The work was written between about 1274 and 1289. It is made up of five books in the last of which one can distinguish three mutually independent parts: (1) the De vida ermitana, in which Blanquerna renounces the papacy and withdraws as a hermit to a mountain not far from Rome, (2) the Libre de amic e amat, a collection of mystical utterances, and (3) the Art de contemplació, an introduction to the art of mystical contemplation.

Type
Articles
Information
Traditio , Volume 44 , 1988 , pp. 325 - 372
Copyright
Copyright © 1988 Fordham University Press 

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References

1 Galmés, S., ed., Ramon Llull, Libre de Evast e Blanquerna (4 vols.; Barcelona 1935–54). Cf. Galmés, S., ed., Obres de Ramon Lull IX (Palma de Mallorca 1914). An English translation has been published by Peers, E. A., Blanquerna: A Thirteenth–Century Romance Translated from the Catalan of Ramon Lull (London 1926).Google Scholar

2 Bonner, A., tr., Selected Works of Ramon Llull (Selected Works of Ramon Llull) (Princeton 1985) II 1264f. lists the Libre de amic e amat as number II.A.17c of his catalogue of Lull's works. On the tradition of the work see Guilleumas de Rubió, R., ‘Apèndix: Versicles apòcrifs del Libre d'amic e amat,’ in: Ramon Llull, Libre de Evast e Blanquerna IV (ed. Galmés, S.; Barcelona 1954) 129–52 and by the same author, ‘Notes sobre la tradició manuscrita i impresa del Libre d'amic e amat,’ Estudis Romanics 10 (1962) 73–83. Concerning the literary and philosophical aspects of the work see the literature cited by Brummer, R., Bibliographia lulliana: Ramon Llull–Schrifttum 1870–1973 (Hildesheim 1976) 39–41 and Salleras i Carolà, M., ‘Bibliografia lul.liana (1974–1984),’ Randa 19 (1986) 153–98 at 168f.Google Scholar

3 Cf. Hillgarth, J. N., Ramon Lull and Lullism in Fourteenth-Century France (Oxford 1971) 335–47 at 336 nos. 15 and 20.Google Scholar

4 The Catalan text is preserved in mss München SB 610 hisp.–cat. 67 (xiv) 268fs. (Blanq. ; ed. Galmés, S., Obres de Ramon Lull IX [Palma de Mallorca 1914] 3–496); de Mallorca, Palma, BPública 1025 (xiv) f. 147–192 (Blanq. V). The Provençal version : ms Paris BN esp. 478 (xiv) 108fs. (Blanq.) has often been confused with the Catalan. Cf. Metzeltin, M., Die Sprache der ältesten Fassungen des ‘Libre de Amich e Amat’ (Frankfurt a.M. 1974).Google Scholar

5 The text was translated very early into French: mss Paris BN fr. 24402 (xiii) f. 1–102 (Blanq. ; ed. Llinarès, A., Raymond Lulle, Livre d'Evast et de Blaquerne [Paris 1970] 35–339); fr. 763 (xiv) f. 1–196 (Blanq.); fr. 12555 (a.d. 1477) f. 1–272 (Blanq.); lat. 14713 (xiv) f. 63–72 (Amic only). Cf. also ms Berlin SB Phill. 1911 (xiv). There are three later French versions of the Liber amici et amati apparently based on Lefèvre's revision (see below) of the Latin text: Gabriel Chappuys, Paris 1586 (RD 133) (ms Madrid BN 3353 [xvii] appears to be a copy of this edition); anonymous, Paris 1632 (RD 204); Jean d'Aubry, Paris 1645 (RD 221). Concerning these editions see Rogent, E. and Duràn, E., Bibliografía de les impressions lul.lianes (Barcelona 1927) (= RD).Google Scholar

6 The text was translated into Castilian from the Latin of Lefèvre: ms Madrid BN 74 (105) (xvi) f. 102–121 (Amic only; ed. Bertini, G. M., ‘Lo Libre de amic e amat di Ramon Llull in una versione castigliana inedita del secolo xvi,’ Bulletin hispanique 41 [1939] 113–125). A Castilian translation appeared at Palma de Mallorca in 1749 (RD 343) and again in 1760 (RD 375).Google Scholar

7 Cf. Blanquerna IV cap. 88 n. 4 (Galmés 344f.), where the story is told of how a Christian missionary who was sent to preach to the Muslims of North Africa found a Libre damic e damat, which told the story of devout men who made songs of God and of love and, having left the world for the love of God, went through the world enduring poverty. – In the version of Lefèvre (see below) chapter 99 is summarized as follows: Breve argumentum. Blaquerna, alterius anachoretae petitionibus acquiescens, 365 brevia verba in libellum compegit, quem praetitulavit De amico et amato. Sunt enim haec verba amoris et exempla abbreviata et declaratione egentia, quibus intellectus ascendit altius ad maiorem devotionem. Et hac ratione tot una collegit, quot sunt dies in anno, ut unumquodque abbreviatum verbum per diem contemplando sufficere possit secundum Artem contemplationum. Amicus : Quilibet fidelis et devotus christianus. Amatus: Deus.Google Scholar

8 Cf. the prologue to Lefèvre's edition of 1505. Littré, M.-P.-E. and Hauréau, B. (‘Raymond Lulle, ermite,’ in : Histoire littéraire da la France XXIX [Paris 1885] 1–386 at 252–55 no. 76) first noted that the Latin text of Lefèvre is related to ms Venezia BMarciana lat. VI 200 (V). Batllori, M. (‘El Lulismo en Italia [Ensayo de sintesis],’ Revista de filosofía 2 [1943] 253–313, 479–537; 3 [1944] 146 at 307, 508) suggested ms Padova BU 1717 (P) as the source for Lefèvre's version of the Liber amici et amati. Hillgarth (op. cit. [above n. 3] 285f.) thinks it more probable, in view of Lefèvre's statement that he was assisted by a religious of S. Giustina in Padua, that his source was ms Milano BAmbrosiana P. 198.sup. (A) which comes from S. Giustina. Since Lefèvre allowed himself considerable freedom in his revision, it is difficult to relate a specific manuscript to it, but his version seems to be related to the family (VAS) which would speak for Hillgarth's conjecture.Google Scholar

9 RD 35.Google Scholar

10 The following editions, all dependent on the Paris edition of 1505 (RD 35) f. 86r–96r, contain Lefèvre's translation: Alcalá 1517 (?) (RD add. 4); Paris 1585 (Blaquernae anachoretae Interrogationes et responsiones 365 de amico et amato [RD 132]); Rouen 1632 (Liber meditationum totius anni, with annotations by Martialis du Mans [RD 205]). The same translation is also found in the following mss: Barcelona Biblioteca de Catalunya 1764 (xvii); Milano Biblioteca Ambrosiana N.250.sup. (xvi) f. lr–37r (with commentary); München Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm. 10597 (xvii) f. 14r–42v; Palma de Mallorca Biblioteca Pública 1014 (205) (xvii) 434fs. (with commentary by Fr. Fullana, Petrus, o.m. [† 1659] concerning whom see Bover, J. M., Biblioteca de escritores baleares I [Palma de Mallorca 1868] 331 no. 492); Roma Biblioteca Casanatense 2229 (xvi) 40 fols. The version in ms Palma de Mallorca Biblioteca Pública 1003 (xvii) f. 247r–281r (249–260 skipped in numbering) is possibly related to the edition of the Valencian version of Blanquerna published by Joan Bonllabi at Valencia in 1521 (RD 76).Google Scholar

11 Cf. note 7.Google Scholar

1.1 quidquam] quidquid A 1.1 amandum] amandus W 1.3 amandum] amandus W 2.1 Viae] viae P 2.2 considerationibus] add. et A; add. -que N 3.1 congregati] congrati VM; congnegati W 3.2 aeque] aequi W; aequum (equum) M 3.3 tribulationes] cogitationes NWMP (= β) 4.2 naturae] natura N 4.3 erint] erunt ANP 5.1 iactabit] iactabat W 6.2 respondit] Respondit VM 6.2 amorum] amoris N 6.3/4 amatorem] amorem N 7.1 diligeret] diliget N 7.1 praesentiam et absentiam] absentiam et praesentiam β 9.1 dixit] dicit A 9.1/2 duplicavero] multiplicavero β 9.2 me] add. e' M 10.2 scirem] add. scirem W 10.2 est] sit P.Google Scholar

11.1 respondis] respondes β 11.2 numquid] numquis W 11.2 memetipsum] me ipsum P 12.2 uxorem] uxores W 12.2/3 vilipensus] vilipensos P 12.3 venerandum] veniendum W 12.4 diligatur] diligeretur N 13.1 amico] amato W; amico corr. ex amato M 13.2 respondit] Respondit W 13.2 dicens amatus] amatus N; amicus dicens P 13.3 labores et dolores] labores tristitias et dolores VA 14.2 scripti] scriptum W 14.3 amico] amato N 14.4 sentiebat) sentiebant A 15.2 scribendum] inc. ex abrupto S 15.2 virtutes] virtutis A 16.3 solum] solus W 17.1 Inter] inter P 17.1 timorem] add. in marg. inf. nota amatus dicens M 17.1/2 cogitationibus] cognitionibus P 18.3 memorationem] add. vero P 19.1 amicus] amatus A 19.2 cucurrerent] concurrerent N 19.2 autem] om. P 19.3 citius] carius W.Google Scholar

20.1 quidam] om. P 21.2 se] om. W 21.2 sentiebat] sentiebant AS 21.2 iudicavit autem] iudicavitque P 22.1 bibitum] bibitus W 22.2 ei] om. P 22.2 duplicati] duplati A 22.2 venit] Venit A 22.3 bibitum] add. et ei duplicati fuerunt langores eius P 22.4 duplicaret] duplicarem VW 23.1 eum1] eo P 23.1/2 eum meritis — amore] om. P 23.2 cubabat] cibabat NP 23.3 medicabat] meditabat W 24.2/3 ecce — et] om. S 24.3 in2] om. NMP 25.1 quo vadis] unde venis P 25.1/2 venio — meum] venio de amato meo unde (venio – unde del.) vado ad amatum meum. unde venis? venis de amato meo S 25.1 unde venis] quo vadis P 25.3 cogitationes] cognitiones W 26.1/2 cantus suos] suos cantus N 26.2 amicus in aurora] in aurora amicus β 27.2 nos1] vos S 27.2 intelligamus] intelligimus SW 27.2 nos2] vos S 27.3 meis] om. P 28.1 multum] om. P 28.1 inquirendo] in quaerendo M 28.2 oblivisceretur] obliviscetur V.Google Scholar

29.2 sed] add. fac S 30.2 tunicam] tunica SP 31.2 langore] labore N; labore et add. pro langore A 31.2 et] in W 31.2 convalescentiam] convalentiam N 32.1 Dixit] dixit A 32.1 me] non P 32.1 arcana quando mea] quando arcana S 32.2 et] ut N 33.1 sit] add. sufficiens M 33.1 sufferens] om. P 33.1 patiens] patians N; potens W 33.2 magnis] magnitudinis P 33.3 conditiones] Conditiones WMP 34.1 inquirebat] inquirebit V 34.3 terram] terra P 35.1 quae] quo W 35.1 cruciatur] cruciat P 35.2 me] om. P 35.2 respondit] respondet A; Respondit WM 35.2 nisi - sustineres] nisi amorem haberes non sustineres P 35.2 et] in N 35.3 quo] quibus P 36.1 fortitudo] fortuito S 36.2 lectus] laetus P 37.1 alterutrare] alentrare A 37.1 per alios] pro alio V 37.3 amore] add. et (et etiam P).Google Scholar

38.1 dicens] om. S 38.2 animo] anima P 38.3 magis] magisque VAS (= α) 38.3 viva est] est viva P 38.3 aqua] suppl. in marg. V; om. A 39.1 amico] ambo P 39.2 rursus] Rursus P 39.3 est1] om. A 39.3 et] Et P 40.3 responderunt] Responderunt WM 40.3 a] et N 41.1 suspirium] suspiriorum P 41.1 autem] om. P 41.2 et1] om. SP 41.3 avis] Avis NP 42.1 Claves] claves N 42.2 et1] om. AS 42.2/3 earum est - ianitor] om. suppl. in marg. A 42.1 ianitor] Ianitor W 43.1 Ictu] ictu W 43.1 humilitatis pietatis] pietatis humilitatis S 43.2 ingressus] Ingressus A 46.1 solitudinem] similitudinem N 46.1 statum] statim SN 46.1 suo] add. et del. non V; add. non AS.Google Scholar

47.2 ei] eum A 47.3 qui prius] om. A 47.4 sociabar] sociabor N 49.2 distulit] substulit P 49.2 contritionem] constrictionem SM 49.3 caritatem] largitatem S 49.3 retinuit] cat.: ‘reté’ 50.2 commiscentur1] miscentur β 52.1 amicus] add. suus S 54.3 ei] om. NWM; sibi P.Google Scholar

57.4 quis] qui β 58.1 redundante] redundantem α 60.2 populo] populum β 61.3 falsitates] fallacias β.Google Scholar

66.1 Dic] Sβ cat.; dic VA 68.4 ergo] igitur V 68.4 haberent] habuit β 68.5 pater tuus] add. et β 68.6 quod] qui VA 69.1 et1] om. β 69.1 infixit] influxit β 69.4 humilitas] humanitas N 70.1 breves et longae] longae et breves β 72.3 amorem] se β.Google Scholar

75.3/4 quia - sui] om. β 78.3 convalescendo - emendo] om. β 79.3 quid] VSWM cat.; Quid ANP 79.4/5 in quid] inquit NP 80.3 amato] amico β 80.4 concordantiam] concordia ANWM 81.2 eum et sufferre] et sufferre eum β 82.3 est] sit V; es A; es corr. in est (?) S.Google Scholar

92.2 provenit] evenit β.Google Scholar

95.2 igitur — quis te] om. β 95.2/3 nutrivit] invitat NWM 95.3 de quo vivis] om. β 95.3 de amore] amor β 96.5 ploravit] plorabat β 100.1 monte] montem SP.Google Scholar

102.1 Desiderabat] ASβ cat.; desiderabat V 102.2 afferrent] afferret β 110.3 desideria] om. β.Google Scholar

111.2 habebat] habeat SMPβ 112.2/3 amico cogitationem] cogitationem amatori β 113.2 osculis] oculis β 118.2 placitum] placita β.Google Scholar

122.2 et] om. β 126.1 Amoris] α cat.; amoris β 126.1 calamo et] scalamo et V; scala mor β 127.2 divideretur] dividentur NWM; dividerentur P 130.2 ait] codices latini omnes; Ait cat. 130.4 dixit] VSWM cat.; Dixit ANP 131.1 Inquit] W cat.; inquit NP (M?).Google Scholar

134.3 et] etiam NWM 135.3 super inimicos] super inimico NWM; supra inimicum P 136.2 transitui] cat.: ‘en son passage’ 137.1 Iactabat] iactabat WMP.Google Scholar

146.3 iurabat] Iurabat WP 148.1/2 summa caelorum altitudine] summa altitudine caelorum β.Google Scholar

150.4 amorum] amoris β 155.1/2 In secretis autem — secreta] om. β 159.1 in3] om. β.Google Scholar

161.1 Percepit] VM cat.; praecepit ASNWP 161.2 idem] om. β 161.5 amorem honores] honores amorem β 162.2 dissimulari] dissimilari VA α 163.1/2 cogitationes recordationes] recordationes cogitationes a 164.3 priusquam] pusquam (?) V; post-quam β 165.2/3 suspirante] suspirantes β 166.2/3 conversati erant] conversati erant corr. ex conversaverant V; conversati fuerunt corr. ex conversaverunt A; conversati fuerant S.Google Scholar

168.1 sui] om. β 169.1 quae] quas coniecit forsan recte P.Google Scholar

178.1 Elevabat] elevabat NWM 182.3 adversitatem] adversitatis β 185.1 amate] amice β 185.1 qui] om. β 185.2 non philocepissem] om. β 86.3 ipsum vituperabat] vituperabat ipsum β 187.1 amicum] amatum A.Google Scholar

190.1 et2] add. vana tormenta se coniungebant ut WM 190.2 essent] esset β 195.2 amatores] amores β 198.2/3 misericordia — multiplicabant] om. β.Google Scholar

200.1 fuit] fiunt β 200.2 cuius] om. β 203.5 nutriverit] nutrivit ANWM; nutriret P 206.1 Qui] om. β.Google Scholar

210.2 amatores] add. et β 211.2 quibus — suos] quibus amatores suos fecit flagellari coniecit P 212.7 frui] VS; finem A; fini NWM; secundum modo (?) P 212.8 quasi nemo] quai (provençal = ‘quasi’ lat.) nemo V; que nemo (?) A 214.2 langoribus] om. β.Google Scholar

214.6 amato suo] add.: (221) Demanà lamat a son amic si havía paciencia. Resps que totes coses li plaíen; e per aç no havía ab que hagués paciencia, car qui no havía senyoría en sa volentat, no pudía esser impacient cat. Google Scholar

216.3 esset] esse β 220.1 amatus] V; amicus ASβ.Google Scholar

221.5 et diutius] om. β 224.1 sui] om. β 224.3 hospitagio] hospigio NWM; hospitio Pβ 227.3 tunc] et β 229.3 honorari] add.: e es questió si la fi se cové pus fortment ab la volentat de lamic qui desija esser ab son amat cat. (236) 231.1 Dic] β cat.; dic α.Google Scholar

235.2 orationibus de tribulationibus] tribulationibus de orationibus VA 235.4 ex] de β 236.2/3 tribulationibus periculis] periculis tribulationibus 237.2 sanabo] salvabo β 240.1 Amico] ASNP cat.; amico VWMαβ 241.1 Solvit] α cat.; solum β 241.2 hic] haec β.Google Scholar

246.1/2 in mundo] mundo A; om. β 246.4 delaniabatque] delaniabat S; deliniabatque NWM; declinabatque P 251.1 super] contra NWM; quare P 251.4 servitur] servit coniecit P.Google Scholar

252.2/3 amore — sedet] amore retro sedet (retrocedet PW) amatus, amato sedet β 255.2/3 personalibus] om. β 257.1 maiori] amoris β 260.3 maioris] maioritatis corr. in maioris S; maioritatis β.Google Scholar

264.1 quia creavit eum] rep. quia creavit eum β 264.3 debeant] debeat β 265.4/5 sed incarnatio] incarnatio autem β 269.2 erudiebat] Erudiebat cat. α.Google Scholar

270.4 languebat] languit α 273.2 in defectu] add.: (284) Digues, foll! Què es peccat? Respós: Entenció girada e enversada contra la final entenció e raó per que mon amat ha creades totes coses cat. 274.3 in] om. β.Google Scholar

276.3 In decem conditionibus Libri gentilis et trium sapientium] cf. prologum operis: B. Raymundi Lulli opera II (ed. Salzinger, I.; Mainz 1722) 23–24; Llull, Ramon, Obres essentials I (Barcelona 1957) 1058–59.Google Scholar

279.2/3 et concordantia] per concordantiam β 280.2 diligitur] diligere β 281.3 cissoria] incisoria β 282.1/3 et quid — increpationes] om. β 285.3 amori] amoris corr. in amori VS; amoris A; amore NM 285.3 et] etiam V.Google Scholar

286.3/4 et in salutatione tua] om. AN 288.1 largiris] VS (cat.: ‘dones’); largius ANWM; largieris largiens P 288.3 gloria] om. APβ 289.4 solo] solum β.Google Scholar

294.2 es] coniecimus; est codices omnes 295.1/2 nec aeternaliter — incipiet] nec aeternaliter incepit, incipit nec incipiet AN; nec aeternaliter incepit, incipit, incipiet MP 297.4 meum] cum WM; esse P; om. N 299.1 Potestas] VSNP cat.; potestas AWM 299.4 licet] scilicet β (cat.: 'sia') 300.4 eam] ea β 301.3 si] sit β.Google Scholar

302.1 Creavit] creavit WP 302.1 iudicavit] Iudicavit WP 302.2 amatus2] recte coniecit P; amicus codices alii 303.4 diligant] add. et β 305.1 meum] tuum β.Google Scholar

313.1 et] add. etiam Vβ 315.2 cumque] Cumque WMP 316.1 humanitatis] humilitatis β.Google Scholar

320.1 imaginem] imaginationem ASW cat. 321.1 Uno die] VSW cat.; uno die ANMP 321.1 emit] suppl. in marg. V; om. NWMP 325.2 et3] om. β 326.4 necnon in] nec non nisi A; nec in NWM; nisi in P.Google Scholar

328.1/2 laboribus] langoribus β 328.2 quid] quod corr. in quid V; quorum A; quod SNMP 331.1 per] secundum β 331.3 rememorandum] memorandum β 333.3 amatus] α M cat.; Amatus NWP 333.3/4 potestatibus] peccatis V; temptationibus corr. in potestatibus A 335.3 mereretur] mererentur V; merentur NW.Google Scholar

338.1 speculabatur] spectabatur V 338.2 et speculabat amatum suum] coniecimus (cat.: ‘e esguardava son amat’); om. codices latini omnes 338.3 habebat] adhaerebat V 339.4 significatorum] signatorum NWM 343.1 qui1] quis S 343.1 qui2] aut qui.Google Scholar

(cat.: ‘que sia en creatura’) β 343.1 creatura] creaturas β.Google Scholar

344.3 atque] expl. ex abrupto S 347.2 mundi] mundo α 350.2 propinquior] add. esset V; add. et del. esset A.Google Scholar

354.1/2 carcer — amicus] om. β.Google Scholar