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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 January 2016
In 1232 Pope Gregory IX (r. 1227–41) imposed a tenth of episcopal revenues on prelates of Occitania to subsidize the church of Valence, which owed 10,000 pounds tournois to various bankers of Vienne, Rome, Lyons, and Siena. In 1865 B. Hauréau first noted the event when he edited one of the main documents in the Gallia christiana volume concerning the ecclesiastical province of Vienne. With the publication of Gregory IX's register from 1890–1908 most of the facts of the tax were more widely available. In 1910 Ulysse Chevalier briefly mentioned the tax in his monograph on the long tenure of John of Bernin, archbishop of Vienne (r. 1218–66). In 1913, Heinrich Zimmermann cited Hauréau's text in a note in his detailed treatment of early thirteenth-century papal legations. Recently Alain Marchandisse reviewed eight of the eleven papal letters pertaining to the tax in his study of William of Savoy (d. 1239) as bishop-elect of Liège. These scholars provided no reason for the debt or why the papacy would take such measures to ensure payment. Perhaps they did not study this tax further because a church indebted to moneylenders is not in itself surprising. It appears that the church of Valence acquired the debt, very large compared to the church's income, when bishop-elect William of Savoy (r. 1225–39) waged war against Adhémar II of Poitiers-Valentinois, count of the Valentinois (r. 1189–1239). Struggles between bishops and the local nobility occurred on a regular basis throughout the Middle Ages, so what in this unimportant Rhone-valley diocese interested the pope enough to impose taxes on prelates of Occitania over twenty years to ensure payment of this debt? Adhémar II faithfully supported Raymond VI (r. 1194–1222) and Raymond VII (r. 1222–49) of Saint-Gilles, counts of Toulouse, throughout their struggle with the papacy during and following the Albigensian crusades. Adhémar II was also their vassal for the Diois, which borders the Valentinois on the southeast and comprised the northern portion of the marquisate of Provence. These lands had been reserved for the church in the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1229), which ended the Albigensian crusades. Thus William of Savoy as bishop-elect of Valence defended the papacy's claims on the marquisate of Provence, which the papacy deemed part of the larger struggle between the Roman church and the counts of Toulouse. The facts on the nature of the debts and the steps the papacy took to aid the diocese show that the local struggle between the bishop of Valence and the count of the Valentinois embodied a part of the larger struggle between the papacy and the counts of Toulouse over the marquisate of Provence, which began as early as 1215.
1 All subsequent references to money are in pounds tournois. The following abbreviations are used throughout: Auvray = Les Registres de Gregoire IX (1227–1241) , ed. Auvray, Lucien et al., Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 2nd ser. 9, 4 vols. (Paris, 1890–1955); Bernoulli = Johannes Bernoulli, Acta Pontificum Helvetica: Quellen schweizerischer Geschichte aus dem päpstlichen Archiv in Rom (Basel, 1891); Pressutti = Regesta Honorii papae III , ed. Pressutti, Petrus, 2 vols. (Rome, 1888–95); RD = Cyr Ulysse Joseph Chevalier, Regeste dauphinois, ou Répertoire chronologique & analytique des documents imprimés et manuscrits relatifs à l'histoire du Dauphiné, des origines chrétiennes à l'année 1349, 7 vols. (Valence, 1913–26). All references are to document numbers.Google Scholar
2 Quia ecclesia Valentinenses, 21 August 1236; Auvray, 3301; RD, 7462; Bernoulli, 186; Böhmer, Johan Friedrich, Regesta Imperii V: Jüngere Staufer; 1198–1272 , ed. Ficker, J., Winkelmann, E., and Wilhelm, F., 3 vols. (Innsbruck, 1881–1901), no. 7153; Potthast, 10229; text in The Benedictines of the Congregation of St-Maur and B. Hauréau (vols. 14–16), ed., Gallia christiana in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa, 16 vols. (Paris, 1715–1865), 16, instrumenta, col. 113, no. 12.Google Scholar
3 Auvray, vol. 4, the index, was begun by Auvray, finished by others, and published in 1955.Google Scholar
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7 House of Poitiers-Valentinois. They took their name from their château on the mountain of Peytieux (dép. Drôme, commune of Châteauneuf-de-Bordette, near Nyons), Occitan Peitieu, modern French Poitiers, both rendered into Latin Pictavis, or Pictaviens; see de Ripert-Monclar, Le Mis, Cartulaire de la Commanderie de Richerenches de l'Ordre du Temple (1136–1214), Mémoires de l'Académie de Vaucluse, Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire du département de Vaucluse 1 (Avignon, 1907), “Introduction,” 25, n. 1. Graham-Leigh, Elaine, The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade (Woodbridge, UK, 2005), has an intriguing title, but chiefly concerns the twelfth-century Trenceval viscounts of Carcasonne and Béziers and does not mention Valence.Google Scholar
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12 The decree: Quantum ecclesia laboraverit, 14 December 1215, Potthast, 5009; text in Layettes du Trésor des chartes , ed. Teulet, Alexandre M. et al., 5 vols. (Paris, 1863–1909), no. 1132, where it is inexplicably dated 15 December.Google Scholar
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16 “Quamdam partem terrae quam idem pater tuus citra Rhodanum obtinebat.” Licet pater tuus , 29 December 1217, Potthast, 5645; Pressutti, 945; text in Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France; Rerum Gallicarum Francicarum scriptores , ed. Bouquet, Martin et al., 24 vols. (Paris, 1738–1904), 19:643; Devic, Claude and Vaissette, Joseph, Histoire générale de Languedoc, 3rd ed. (by Molinier, A. et al.), 16 vols. (Toulouse, 1872–1904), 6:513; Marvin, , Occitan War, 234, n. 61.Google Scholar
17 Bertrand had an extensive legation covering both sides of the Rhone and full powers (plena potestas) to act in the pope's name; Multo sudore laboratum, 19 January 1217; RD, 6372; Pressutti, 265; Potthast, 5425; text in Bouquet, Rec. hist. Gaules, 19:626–27; Zimmermann, , Die päpstliche Legation (n. 5 above), 72–73.Google Scholar
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21 Valence (dép. Drôme, principal place).Google Scholar
22 Fournier, Paul, Le royaume d'Arles et de Vienne (1138–1378): Étude sur la formation territoriale de la France dans l'est et le sud-est (Paris, 1891), 71–72, 517.Google Scholar
23 RD, 4036.Google Scholar
24 Adhémar I of Poitiers-Valentinois, father of William, first count of the Valentinois of the house of Poitiers-Valentinois (r. 1163–89), married Rixende, sister of Eustace (d. 1154–55), last surviving count-bishop of Valence of the original line.Google Scholar
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27 Dilectus filius David , 6 May 1224, RD, 6738; Pressutti, 4963. No text printed.Google Scholar
28 Etsi venerabilem fratrem , 10 May 1225, RD, 6790; Pressutti, 5472. No text printed.Google Scholar
29 Etsi non immerito , 6 October 1225, RD, 6808; Pressutti, 5678. No text printed.Google Scholar
30 Ibid., RD, 6809. For a discussion of administratio and procurator , see Benson, Robert L., The Bishop-Elect: A Study in Medieval Ecclesiastical Office (Princeton, 1968), 82–83.Google Scholar
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33 RD, 6894; treaty text in Chevalier, , Evêques , 10–12; Cox, , Eagles, 36–37.Google Scholar
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35 Miribel, (dép. Drôme, near Romans).Google Scholar
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37 RD, 7694; text in Teulet, , Layettes (n. 12 above), no. 2787.Google Scholar
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