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A Tribute to Albert Friend*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2016

Otto G. Von Simson  and
Dom Anselm Strittmatter
Otto G. Von Simson
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Dom Anselm Strittmatter
Affiliation:
St. Anselm's Priory, Washington, D.C.
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Extract

Within less than twelve months in the years 1955 and 1956 three senior members of the Department of Art and Archaeology of Princeton University departed this life: Charles Rufus Morey, Albert Matthias Friend, and Earl Baldwin Smith. All three were scholars of distinction, and of all three it can be safely asserted that through their own work and through their influence upon their numerous students they decisively shaped the character and quality of American scholarship in the field of medieval art. This is especially true of Morey, who may be said to have made the tradition so hopefully inaugurated by Dr. Allan Marquand and to have passed the torch on to his pupils. If the invitation to catalogue the Museo Sacro of the Vatican Library was an extraordinary compliment paid to Morey, the master, the appointment to the office of Director of Studies at the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection of Harvard University was an outstanding distinction conferred upon Friend, his pupil. It was in this position that Friend's activities and influence assumed more and more international or cosmopolitan proportions, and so it came about that when the plan of a ‘Festschrift’ to be presented to him on his sixtieth anniversary was broached, not only colleagues and pupils of Princeton University, but more than one foreign scholar whom he had been instrumental in bringing to Dumbarton Oaks was invited to participate. The result was the volume now under consideration, which comprises in all thirty-two articles in the two fields of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. For all the diversity of subjects treated, which is considerable, there is an extraordinary homogeneity to this liberal A dedicatory inscription composed in brilliant Greek was very appropriately prefixed to the volume, to complete an offering which Friend had the pleasure of receiving more than a year before his death.

Type
Bibliographical Studies
Information
Traditio , Volume 14 , 1958 , pp. 422 - 455
Copyright
Copyright © Fordham University Press 

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References

1 Late Classical and Mediaeval Studies in Honor of Albert Mathias Friend, Jr. Edited by Kurt Weitzmann, with the assistance of Sirarpie der Nersessian, Forsyth, George H. Jr., Kantorowicz, Ernst H., Mommsen, Theodor E. Princeton University Press 1955. pp. 405. More recently, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 12 (Cambridge, Mass. 1958) has appeared, dedicated to the memory of Professor Friend. On pages one and two the distinctive character of his outstanding work as Director of Studies in this institution is described — briefly, but with due appreciation. This impressive volume and the one here under review together constitute a splendid recognition of an exceptionally rich and high-minded personality.Google Scholar

2 The triumphal idea with reference to St. Peter's is also stressed in Smith, E. B.'s last work, Architectural Symbolism of Imperial Rome and the Middle Ages (Princeton 1954) 28 f.Google Scholar

3 See pp. 445–449 below. Google Scholar

4 Special mention must be made here of Grillmeier, A. 's impressive monograph, Der Logos am Kreuz (Munich 1956) and the discussion it has aroused: see Josef, e.g. Fink's exceptionally important review (Theologische Revue 53 [1957] 241–248) and that of Biedermann, H. M. in Ostkirchliche Studien 6 (1957) 179–182.Google Scholar

5 In Studies in Art and Literature for Belle da Costa Greene (Princeton 1954) 118–122. Google Scholar

6 On the general subject see also Baynes, N. H., ‘The Icons before Iconoclasm,’ first published in 1951 and now included, along with another relevant essay, ‘Idolatry and the Early Church,’ in Byzantine Studies and other Essays (London 1955).Google Scholar

7 Also published in the memorial volume for Belle da Costa Greene, pp. 219–230. Google Scholar

8 (Cambridge, Mass. 1938) 70. Of exceptional interest is Francis Dvornik's study of the Emperor Julian's ‘reactionary’ ideas on kingship. It was altogether in accord with this emperor's religious policy that in the domain of political theory also he should return to the concepts of the Republican period, concepts which in the last analysis had so splendid a philosophical foundation in the thought of Plato and Aristotle. But this return to an older tradition involved a basic departure from the idea of kingship which from the last years of the Republic down to the reign of Diocletian had slowly been taking shape. By the time of Constantine, the Emperor was considered a divine being superior to the laws himself a ‘Law Animate.’ From this Hellenistic concept Julian reverted to the political speculations of Plato and Aristotle and was influenced not a little by Isocrates, especially by the panegyric in honor of Evagoras, king of Crete. The commonplaces of Hellenistic terminology are indeed found in such writings as Julian's two panegyrics Google Scholar

9 Many points of contact exist between this paper and certain sections of Eleanor Simmons Greenhill's study, ‘The Child in the Tree,’ Traditio 10 (1954) 323–371; see especially pp. 329–334, 357–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 With this use of ‘apparitio’ as the equivalent of ‘adventus,’ one may compare the use of ἐπιφάνεια as a synonym of ἐπιδημία and related words in Greek (A. Deissmann, Licht vom Osten 4 [Tübingen 1923] 314–320). Thus, Eusebius of Caesarea, in stressing the Coming of Christ as the Leitmotiv of Psalm 84 (75), uses the words, ἐπιδημία (PG 23.1020), θεοφάνεια (ibid. 1024), ἐπιφάνεια (1025). Of this same psalm St. Jerome says: ‘De adventu dicitur Salvatoris’ (S. Hieronymi Presbyteri Tractatus sive Homiliae in Psalmis etc. [Anecdota Maredsolana 3.2; Maredsous 1897] 92, line 26). With this may be compared St. Augustine's comment on Psalm 79 (80): ‘Cantatur hic de adventu Domini et Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi …’ (PL 36.1021 [vers. 1]) and that of Eusebius of Caesarea on the same psalm (PG 23.952A, B, C: παϱουσίαν; 952D: ἐπιφανειας; ibid.: θεοφανείας; 964D: παϱουσίαν; 965B: θεοφάνειαν; 967C: ἐπιφάνειαν) and similarly St. Athanasius (PG 27.360B & 361B). Google Scholar

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15 After a preamble specially composed for this occasion had been pronounced by a certain John, Deacon and ‘Chancellor,’ Gregory of Neocaesarea read the title: ‘Definition of the Holy, Great and Ecumenical Seventh Synod,’ whereupon the same John the Deacon commented upon the epithets, ‘holy,’ ‘great and universal,’ and upon the ordinal ‘seventh,’ vigorously disproving and rejecting them all. Gregory then read the opening sentence of the Definition, and again John commented. After the reading of the second sentence by Gregory, Epiphanius took over the reading of the refutation and continued it to the end. (I can find no basis for Martin, E. J.'s statement that the two deacons, John and Epiphanius, read alternately [A History of the Iconoclastic Controversy (London 1930) 102]).Google Scholar

16 Studien zur Geschichte des byzantinischen Bilderstreites (Historische Untersuchungen 5; Breslau 1929) 6. With this statement may well be compared Martin, E. J.'s summary estimate of the ‘permanent meaning of the Council [sc. the second of Nicaea] for Christendom’ (op. cit. 108–109).Google Scholar

17 To this list one more manuscript can now be added: Duke University Library, Greek MS 19, a South Italian euchology of the twelfth century which several years ago the Librarian graciously forwarded to the Morgan Library in New York City for my inspection. It is a pleasure once more to express my grateful appreciation. Google Scholar

18 Vat. gr. 2285 A is a twelfth-century rotulus, a fragment of a deacon's kontakion, written in the monastery of St. Catherine in or near Candia on the island of Crete. Vat. gr. 2005 belonged at one time to St. Elias of Carbone, and may very well have been written there between 1197 and 1211. In Traditio 10 (1954) 63, I suggested that it may have been written for a dependency of the great abbey (St. Nicholas of Trypa or St. Nicholas of Venegia). See now especially Devreesse, R., Les manuscrits grecs de l'Italie méridionale (Studi e testi 183; Città del Vaticano 1955) 10, 40, and plate VI.Google Scholar

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20 Diehl, C., ‘L'Église et les mosaïques du couvent de Saint-Luc en Phocide,’ Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 55 (1889) 3 n. 3; reprinted in Choses et gens de Byzance (Paris 1926) 5 n. 3: ‘… En 941, il [sc. Crinites] était stratège du Péloponnèse, et réprima en cette qualité une insurrection des Slaves.’Google Scholar

21 Vizantiyskiy Vremennik 5 (1898) 425.Google Scholar

22 Since this date is the second pivotal point in Jenkins’ argument, he is careful to give at the outset an exact survey of the order of events at the beginning of the reign of Romanus I. This ‘strong usurper’ was crowned basileus by his senior colleague and son-in-law on Sunday, December 17, 920, and made himself first basileus or autokrator some time between December 921 and April 922 (pp. 204–5 and n. 8). Google Scholar

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