Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:40:22.035Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cultural competency in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: practitioner guidelines

Part of: Being an Anti-Racist CBT therapist

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2020

Monnica T. Williams Open the ORCID record for Monnica T. Williams [Opens in a new window] ,
Traleena M. Rouleau ,
Joseph T. La Torre  and
Noor Sharif
Monnica T. Williams*
Affiliation:
University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Traleena M. Rouleau
Affiliation:
University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Joseph T. La Torre
Affiliation:
University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Noor Sharif
Affiliation:
University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article provides clinical guidelines for basic knowledge and skills essential for successful work with clients who have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) across ethnic, racial and religious differences. We emphasise multiculturalist and anti-racist approaches and the role of culture in shaping the presentation of OCD in clients. Several competencies are discussed to help clinicians differentiate between behaviour that is consistent with group norms versus behaviour that is excessive and psychopathological in nature. Symptom presentation, mental health literacy and explanatory models may differ across cultural groups. The article also highlights the possibility of violating client beliefs and values during cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and subsequently offers strategies to mitigate such problems, such as consulting community members, clergy, religious scholars and other authoritative sources. Finally, there is a discussion of how clinicians can help clients from diverse populations overcome a variety of obstacles and challenges faced in the therapeutic context, including stigma and cultural mistrust.

Key learning aims

  1. (1) To gain knowledge needed for working with clients with OCD across race, ethnicity and culture.

  2. (2) To understand how race, ethnicity and culture affect the assessment and treatment of OCD.

  3. (3) To increase awareness of critical skills needed to implement CBT effectively for OCD in ethnoracially diverse clients.

  4. (4) To acknowledge potential barriers experienced by minoritized clients and assist in creating accessible spaces for services.

Keywords

cultural competencydiversityethnic minorityexposure and ritual prevention therapymental health disparitiesobsessive-compulsive disordertreatment outcomes
Type
Invited Paper
Information
the Cognitive Behaviour Therapist , Volume 13 , 2020 , e48
Copyright
© British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further reading

Hays, P. A. (2009). Integrating evidence-based practice, cognitive–behavior therapy, and multicultural therapy: ten steps for culturally competent practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 354–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathod, S., Phiri, P., & Naeem, F. (2019). An evidence-based framework to culturally adapt cognitive behaviour therapy. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E10. doi: 10.1017/S1754470X18000247 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, E. A., Cheng, H. L., Llamas, J. D., Tran, A. G., Hill, K. X., Fretts, J. M., & Mercado, A. (2016). Factors impacting the current trends in the use of outpatient psychiatric treatment among diverse ethnic groups. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 12, 199–220. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573400512666160216234524 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Rosen, D. C., & Kanter, J. W. (2019). Eliminating Race-Based Mental Health Disparities: Promoting Equity and Culturally Responsive Care Across Settings. New Harbinger Books. ISBN: 978-1-68403-196-2Google Scholar
Williams, M. T., Sawyer, B., Ellsworth, M., Singh, R., & Tellawi, G. (2017). Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in ethnoracial minorities: attitudes, stigma, and barriers to treatment. In Abramowitz, J., McKay, D., & Storch, E. (eds), The Wiley Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (pp. 847–872). Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T. & Wetterneck, C. T. (2019). Sexual Obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Step-by-Step, Definitive Guide to Understanding, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780190624798. doi: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190624798.001.0001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Abramowitz, J. S., Huppert, J. D., Cohen, A. B., Tolin, D. F., & Cahill, S. P. (2002). Religious obsessions and compulsions in a non-clinical sample: the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 825–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00070-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., Olatunji, B. O., Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N. C., Losardo, D., Timpano, K. R., McGrath, P. B., Riemann, B. C., Adams, T., Björgvinsson, T., Storch, E. A., & Hale, L. R. (2010). Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychological Assessment, 22, 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018260 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Solaim, L., & Loewenthal, K. (2011). Religion and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among young Muslim women in Saudi Arabia. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14, 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.544868 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychological Association (2017). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2002, amended effective 1 June 2010 and 1 January 2017). http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.html Google Scholar
Aouchekian, S., Karimi, R., Najafi, M., Shafiee, K., Maracy, M., & Almasi, A. (2017). Effect of religious cognitive behavioral therapy on religious obsessive-compulsive disorder (3 and 6 months follow-up). Advanced Biomedical Research, 6, 158. https://doi.org/10.4103/abr.abr_115_16 Google Scholar
Arip, A., Sharip, S. & Nabil, M. R. (2018). Islamic integrated exposure response therapy for mental pollution subtype of contamination obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report and literature review. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 21, 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1436047 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aslam, M., Irfan, M., & Naeem, F. (2015). Brief culturally adapted cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: a pilot study. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 31, 874–879. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.314.7385 Google ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. (2019). Understanding Black and Minority Ethnic service user’s experience of racism as part of the assessment, formulation and treatment of mental health problems in cognitive behaviour therapy. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 12, E8. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X18000223 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, M., & Sarnyai, Z. (2015). ‘More than skin deep’: stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 18, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.989204 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Zeev, T., Fein, S., & Inzlicht, M. (2005). Arousal and stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.007 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beşiroğlu, L., Akman, N., Selvi, Y., Aydin, A., Boysan, M., & Özbebit, Ö. (2010). Mental health literacy concerning categories of obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Obsesif-kompulsif belirti kategorileri hakkinda ruh sagligi bilgisi]. Noro-Psikiyatri Arsivi/Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 47, 133–138. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.5397 Google Scholar
Blainey, M. G. (2015). Forbidden therapies: Santo Daime, Ayahuasca, and the prohibition of entheogens in Western society. Journal of Religion and Health, 54, 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9826-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
British Psychological Society (2018). Code of Ethics and Conduct. https://www.bps.org.uk/sites/www.bps.org.uk/files/Policy/Policy%20-%20Files/BPS%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20and%20Conduct%20%28Updated%20July%202018%29.pdf Google Scholar
Buchholz, J. L., Abramowitz, J. S., Riemann, B. C., Reuman, L., Blakey, S. M., Leonard, R. C., & Thompson, K. A. (2019). Scrupulosity, religious affiliation and symptom presentation in obsessive compulsive disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 47, 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465818000711 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canadian Psychological Association (2017). Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists – 4th edition. https://cpa.ca/docs/File/Ethics/CPA_Code_2017_4thEd.pdf Google Scholar
Carter, M. M., Sbrocco, T. & Carter, C. (1996). African Americans and anxiety disorders research: development of a testable theoretical framework. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 33, 449–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, L. K., DeLapp, R. C. T., & Williams, M. T. (2018). Impact of race, ethnicity, and culture on the expression and assessment of psychopathology. In Beidel, D. C. & Frueh, B. C. (eds), Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis (8th edn, pp. 131–156). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Chasson, G., Williams, M. T., Davis, D. M., & Combs, J. Y. (2017). Missed diagnoses in African Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). BMC Psychiatry, 17, 258. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1422-z CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chong, S. A., Abdin, E., Picco, L., Pang, S., Jeyagurunathan, A., Vaingankar, J. A., Kwok, K. W., & Subramaniam, M. (2016). Recognition of mental disorders among a multiracial population in Southeast Asia. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0837-2 Google ScholarPubMed
De Berardis, D., Campanella, D., Serront, N., Gambi, F., Carano, A., La Rovere, R., Nardella, E., Pizzorno, A. M., Cotellassa, C., Salerno, R. M., & Ferro, F. M. (2008). Insight and perceived expressed emotion among adult outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 14, 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000320114.38434.5f CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández de la Cruz, L., Kolvenbach, S., Vidal-Ribas, P., Jassi, A., Llorens, M., Patel, N., Weinman, J., Hatch, S. L., Bhugra, D., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2016). Illness perception, help-seeking attitudes, and knowledge related to obsessive–compulsive disorder across different ethnic groups: a community survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1144-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernández de la Cruz, L., Jassi, A., Krebs, G., Clark, B., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2015). Phenomenology and treatment outcomes in children and adolescents from ethnic minorities with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 4, 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.11.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langer, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P.M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14, 485–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontenelle, L. F., de Souza, W. F., de Menezes, G. B., Mendlowicz, M. V., Miotto, R. R., Falcão, R., Versiani, M., & Figueira, I. L. (2007). Sexual function and dysfunction in Brazilian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 254–257. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000243823.94086.6f CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, S., Hatch, M., Paradis, C. M., Popkin, M., & Shalita, A. R. (1993). Obsessive compulsive disorder in two Black ethnic groups: incidence in an urban dermatology clinic. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 343–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(93)90029-K CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glazier, K., Calixte, R. M., Rothschild, R., & Pinto, A. (2013). High rates of OCD symptom misidentification by mental health professionals. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 25, 201–209.Google ScholarPubMed
Glazier, K., Swing, M., & McGinn, L. K. (2015a). Half of obsessive-compulsive disorder cases misdiagnosed: vignette-based survey of primary care physicians. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76, e761–e767. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14m09110 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glazier, K., Wetterneck, C. T., Singh, S., & Williams, M. T. (2015b). Stigma and shame as barriers to treatment in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 4, 191.Google Scholar
Goodman, W., Price, L., Rasmussen, S., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R., Hill, C., & Charney, D. (1989a). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006–1011. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, W., Price, L., Rasmussen, S, Mazure, C., Delgado, P., Heninger, G, & Charney, D. (1989b). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1012–1016. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grover, S., Patra, B. N., Aggarwal, M., Avasthi, A., Chakrabarti, S., & Malhotra, S. (2014). Relationship of supernatural beliefs and first treatment contact in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: an exploratory study from India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60, 818–827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764014527266 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gururaj, G. P., Bada Math, S., Reddy, J. Y. C., & Chandrashekar, C. R. (2008). Family burden, quality of life and disability in obsessive compulsive disorder: an Indian perspective. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 54, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.40773 Google ScholarPubMed
Hays, P. A. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy with Alaska Native people. In Hays, P. A. & Iwamasa, G. Y. (eds), Culturally Responsive Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Assessment, Practice, and Supervision (pp. 47–72). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11433-002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hays, P. A. (2009). Integrating evidence-based practice, cognitive-behavior therapy, and multicultural therapy: ten steps for culturally competent practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 354–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016250 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Himle, J. A., Muroff, J. R., Taylor, R. J., Baser, R. E., Abelson, J. M., Hanna, G. L., Abelson, J. L., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and Blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the National Survey of American Life. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 993–1005. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20434 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Himle, J., Taylor, R., & Chatters, L. (2012). Religious involvement and obsessive compulsive disorder among African Americans and Black Caribbeans. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Himle, J. A., Taylor, R. J., Nguyen, A. W., Williams, M. T., Lincoln, K. D., Taylor, H. O., & Chatters, L. M. (2017). Family and friendship networks and obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and Black Caribbeans. The Behavior Therapist, 40, 99–105.Google ScholarPubMed
Hinton, D. E., & Patel, A. (2017). Cultural adaptations of cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 40, 701–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodgson, R., & Rachman, S. (1977). Obsessional-compulsive complaints. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(77)90042-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L. Jr., & Utsey, S. O. (2013). Cultural humility: measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 353–366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032595 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huppert, J., Siev, J., & Kushner, E. (2007). When religion and obsessive–compulsive disorder collide: treating scrupulosity in ultra-orthodox Jews. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 925–941. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20404 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, J. S., Torres, M., Caldwell, C. H., Neighbors, H. W., Nesse, R. M., Taylor, R. J., Trierweiler, S. J., & Williams, D. R. (2004). The National Survey of American Life: a study of racial, ethnic and cultural influences on mental disorders and mental health. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.177 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, M., Harris, L., & Esfahani, R. (2019). Imams’ experience with and response to Mosque-goers with OCD scrupulosity. Behaviour Change, 36, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2019.2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, J. A., Rufino, K. A., Werner, C., McIngvale, E., & Storch, E. (2020). OCD in ethnic minorities. Clinical and Experimental Psychology, 6, 1–6.Google Scholar
Keshavarzi, H., Khan, F. & Syed, B. (2018, 22–24 November). Islamically integrated treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder scrupulosity (Waswasa) in Muslim patients [conference session]. Second International Congress on Religious & Spiritual Counselling & Care, Istanbul, Turkey. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329588956 Google Scholar
Kolvenbach, S., Fernández De La Cruz, L., Mataix-Cols, D., Patel, N., & Jassi, A. (2018). Perceived treatment barriers and experiences in the use of services for obsessive–compulsive disorder across different ethnic groups: a thematic analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 23, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12197 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kugelmass, H. (2016). ‘Sorry, I’m not accepting new patients’: an audit study of access to mental health care. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 57, 168–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146516647098 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, C. S., Tsang, H. W. H., Corrigan, P. W., Lee, Y. T., Angell, B., Shi, K., Jin, S., & Larson, J. E. (2010). Chinese lay theory and mental illness stigma: implications for research and practices. Journal of Rehabilitation, 76, 35–40.Google Scholar
Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Corral, I. et al. (2006) Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9029-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lauber, C., & Rössler, W. (2007). Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry, 19, 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701278903 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebowitz, E. R., Panza, K. E., Su, J., & Bloch, M. H. (2012). Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12, 229–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ern.11.200 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leins, C., & Williams, M. T. (2018). Using the Bible to facilitate treatment of religious obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 37, 112–124.Google Scholar
Liu, X. (1981). Psychiatry in traditional Chinese medicine. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 429–433. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.138.5.429 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malemela, R. D., & Mashegoane, S. (2019). The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and their psychological correlates amongst pregnant clinic attendees in the Capricorn District, South Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 23, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2019/v23i2.5 Google ScholarPubMed
Matsunaga, H., Hayashida, K., Kiriike, N., Maebayashi, K., & Stein, D. J. (2008). The clinical utility of symptom dimensions in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 180, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.09.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehta, M. (1990). A comparative study of family-based and patient-based behavioural management in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 133–135. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.1.133 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metzner, R. (1998). Hallucinogenic drugs and plants in psychotherapy and shamanism. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 30, 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1998.10399709 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, A., Williams, M. T., Wetterneck, C. T., Kanter, J., & Tsai, M. (2015). Using functional analytic psychotherapy to improve awareness and connection in racially diverse client-therapist dyads. The Behavior Therapist, 38, 150–156.Google Scholar
Moodley, R., & Sutherland, P. (2010). Psychic retreats in other places: clients who seek healing with traditional healers and psychotherapists. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 23, 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2010.505748 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motawa, S. S., Abd El Raheem Fayed, H., Abdelaziz, A., Elsaadouni, N., & Elwasify, M. (2020). Prevalence of obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder in patients seeking dermatological consultation. Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 97–102. https://doi.org/10.4103/ejpsy.ejpsy_49_19 Google Scholar
Negm, M. G., Mahdy, R. S., Khashaba, A. M., & Abd El-Latif, R. R. (2014). Comparison of family burden, quality of life, and disability in obsessive compulsive disorder and schizophrenia in Zagazig University Hospitals. Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 35. https://doi.org/10.4103/1110-1105.127276 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neki, J. (1973). Guru-chela relationship: the possibility of a therapeutic paradigm. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 43, 755–766. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1973.tb00847.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicolini, H., Benilde, O., & Giuffra, L. (1997). Age of onset, gender and severity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a study on a Mexican population. Salud Mental, 20, 1–4.Google Scholar
Ninan, P. T. & Shelton, S. (1993). Managing psychotic symptoms when the diagnosis is unclear. Hospital Community Psychiatry, 44, 107–108. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.44.2.107 Google ScholarPubMed
Olatunji, B. O., Tomarken, A., & Zhao, M. (2014). Effects of exposure to stereotype cues on contamination aversion and avoidance in African Americans. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33, 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.3.229 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orbuch, T. L., & Eyster, S. L. (1997). Division of household labor among Black couples and White couples. Social Forces, 76, 301–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2580327 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Organista, K. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy with Latinos and Latinas. In Hays, P. A. & Iwamasa, G. Y. (eds), Culturally Responsive Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Assessment, Practice, and Supervision (pp. 73–96). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11433-003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovuga, E., Boardman, J., & Oluka, E. G. A. O. (1999). Traditional healers and mental illness in Uganda. Psychiatric Bulletin, 23, 276–279. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.23.5.276 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, C. M., Cukor, D., & Friedman, S. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy with Orthodox Jews. In Hays, P. A. & Iwamasa, G. Y. (eds), Culturally Responsive Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy: Assessment, Practice, and Supervision (pp. 161–176). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11433-007 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 710–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: a new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489272003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirutinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., & Pargament, K. I. (2009). Community attitudes towards culture-influenced mental illness: scrupulosity vs. nonreligious OCD among Orthodox Jews. Journal of Community Psychology, 37, 949–958. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20341 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pouchly, C. A. (2012). A narrative review: arguments for a collaborative approach in mental health between traditional healers and clinicians regarding spiritual beliefs. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 15, 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2011.553716 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggles, S. (1994). The origins of African American family structure. American Sociological Review, 59, 136–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanavio, E. (1988). Obsessions and compulsions: the Padua Inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(88)90116-7 Google ScholarPubMed
Schneider, B., & Lee, Y. (1990). A model for academic success: the school and home environment of East Asian students. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 21, 358–377. https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1990.21.4.04x0596x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siev, J., Chambless, D., & Huppert, J. (2010). Moral thought–action fusion and OCD symptoms: the moderating role of religious affiliation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 309–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiro, A. M. (2005). Najar or Bhut-Evil eye or ghost affliction: Gujarati views about illness causation. Anthropology & Medicine, 12, 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470500049867 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R., Williams, J., Gibbon, M., & First, M. (1992). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): I: History, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 624–629. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: the psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 379–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(02)80009-0 Google Scholar
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2016). The impact of systemic oppression: counselor credibility and worldviews. Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and Practice (7th edn, pp. 145–178). Wiley.Google Scholar
Summers, J. S., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2019). Clean Hands: Philosophical Lessons From Scrupulosity. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780190058692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takeuchi, D. T., Gong, F., & Gee, G. (2012). The NLAAS story: some reflections, some insights. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 3, 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029019 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, J., Turkheimer, E., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2000). Psychometric analysis of racial differences on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory. Assessment, 7, 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/107319110000700305 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, V. L. S., Bazile, A., & Akbar, M. (2004). African Americans’ perceptions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.19 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolin, D. F., Gilliam, C., Wootton, B. M., Bowe, W., Bragdon, L. B., Davis, E., Hannan, S. E., Steinman, S. A., Worden, B., & Hallion, L. S. (2018). Psychometric properties of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-5 anxiety, mood, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Assessment, 25, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116638410 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, E. A., Cheng, H. L., Llamas, J. D., Tran, A. G., Hill, K. X., Fretts, J. M., & Mercado, A. (2016). Factors impacting the current trends in the use of outpatient psychiatric treatment among diverse ethnic groups. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 12, 199–220. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573400512666160216234524 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughn, C., & Leff, J. (1976). The measurement of expressed emotion in the families of psychiatric patients. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1976.tb00021.x Google ScholarPubMed
Wadsworth, L. P., Potluri, S., Schreck, M., & Hernandez-Vallant, A. (2020). Measurement and impacts of intersectionality on obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms across intensive treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90, 445–457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ort0000447 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Carter, S. R., & White, T. L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Attitudes and Social Cognition, 53, 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.5 Google ScholarPubMed
Wetterneck, C., Little, T., Rinehart, K., Cervantes, M. E., Hyde, E., & Williams, M. T. (2012). Latinos with obsessive-compulsive disorder: mental healthcare utilization and inclusion in clinical trials. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders, 1, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2011.12.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2013). Differences in obsessive–compulsive symptoms and obsessive beliefs: a comparison between African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino Americans, and European Americans. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2012.701663 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T. (2020). Managing Microaggressions: Addressing Everyday Racism in Therapeutic Spaces. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190875237.001.0001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Abramowitz, J. S., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012a). The relationship between contamination cognitions, anxiety, and disgust in two ethnic groups. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 632–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Beckmann-Mendez, D., & Turkheimer, E. (2013a). Cultural barriers to African American participation in anxiety disorders research. Journal of the National Medical Association, 105, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30083-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Brown, T. L., & Sawyer, B. (2017a). Psychiatric comorbidity and hoarding symptoms in African Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Black Psychology, 43, 259–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798416639438 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Chapman, L. K., Simms, J. V., & Tellawi, G. (2017b). Cross-cultural phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In Abramowitz, J., McKay, D., & Storch, E. (eds), The Wiley Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (pp. 56–74). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118890233.ch4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T. & Ching, T. (2017). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in ethnoracial minorities: symptoms, barriers to care, and cultural considerations for treatment. In Pittenger, C. (ed), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Phenomenology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment (pp. 703–714). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.001.0001 Google Scholar
Williams, M. T., Davis, D., Thibodeau, M., & Bach, N. (2013b). Psychometric properties of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory Revised in African Americans with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders, 2, 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Domanico, J., Marques, L., Leblanc, N., & Turkheimer, E. (2012b). Barriers to treatment among African Americans with OCD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.009 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Elstein, J., Buckner, E., Abelson, J., & Himle, J. (2012c). Symptom dimensions in two samples of African Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders, 1, 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.03.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. & Halstead, M. (2019). Racial microaggressions as barriers to treatment in clinical care. Directions in Psychiatry, 39, 265–280.Google Scholar
Williams, M. T., & Jahn, M. E. (2017). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in African American children and adolescents: risks, resiliency, and barriers to treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87, 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000188 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Malcoun, E., Sawyer, B. A., Davis, D. M., Bahojb Nouri, L., & Leavell Bruce, S. (2014). Cultural adaptations of prolonged exposure therapy for treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder in African Americans. Behavioral Sciences, 4, 102–124. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs4020102 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Mugno, B., Franklin, M., & Faber, S. (2013c). Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: phenomenology and treatment outcomes with exposure and ritual prevention. Psychopathology, 46, 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348582 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Powers, M. B., Yun, Y.-G., & Foa, E. B. (2010). Minority participation in randomized controlled trials for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.11.004 Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Sawyer, B., Ellsworth, M., Singh, R., & Tellawi, G. (2017c). Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in ethnoracial minorities: attitudes, stigma, and barriers to treatment. In Abramowitz, J., McKay, D., & Storch, E. (eds), The Wiley Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (pp. 847–872). Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Sawyer, B., Leonard, R. C., Ellsworth, M., Simms, J. V., & Riemann, B. C. (2015a). Minority participation in a major residential and intensive outpatient program for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 5, 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.02.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Taylor, R., Chatters, L. M., & Himle, J. (2017d). Demographic and health-related correlates of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among African Americans. Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 14, 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.07.001 Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Taylor, R. J., Mouzon, D. M., Oshin, L., Himle, J. A., & Chatters, L. M. (2017e). Discrimination and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87, 636–645. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000285 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Tellawi, G., Wetterneck, C. T., & Chapman, L. K. (2013d). Recruitment of ethnoracial minorities for mental health research. The Behavior Therapist, 36, 151–156.Google Scholar
Williams, M. T., & Turkheimer, E. (2007). Identification and explanation of racial differences in contamination anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 3041–3050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.013 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M., Turkheimer, E., Schmidt, K., & Oltmanns, T. (2005). Ethnic identification biases responses to the Padua Inventory for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Assessment, 12, 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105275620 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T. & Wetterneck, C. T. (2019). Sexual Obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Step-by-Step, Definitive Guide to Understanding, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190624798.001.0001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Wetterneck, C., & Sawyer, B. (2015b). Assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in African Americans. In Benuto, L. T. & Leany, B. D. (eds), Guide to Psychological Assessment with African Americans (pp. 145–161). Springer.Google Scholar
Williams, M., Wetterneck, C., Thibodeau, M., & Duque, G. (2013e). Validation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity Scale in African Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 209, 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, K. G., Sandoz, E. K., Kitchens, J., & Roberts, M. (2010). The Valued Living Questionnaire: defining and measuring valued action within a behavioral framework. Psychological Record, 60, 249–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witthauer, C., Gloster, A. T., Meyer, A. H., & Lieb, R. (2014). Physical diseases among persons with obsessive compulsive symptoms and disorder: a general population study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 2013–2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0895-z CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, C., Nestadt, G., Samuels, J. F., & Doerfler, L. A. (2018). Cross-cultural differences in the perception and understanding of obsessive-compulsive disorder in East Asian and Western cultures. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 11, 616–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2018.1468786 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yip, K. (2005). Chinese concepts of mental health: cultural implications for social work practice. International Social Work, 48, 391–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872805053462 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoon, E., Chang, C.-T., Kim, S., Clawson, A., Cleary, S. E., Hansen, M., Bruner, J. P., Chan, T. K., & Gomes, A. M. (2013). A meta-analysis of acculturation/enculturation and mental health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030652 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoon, J., & Lau, A. S. (2008). Maladaptive perfectionism and depressive symptoms among Asian American college students: contributions of interdependence and parental relations. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.2.92 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.