Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:34:04.641Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Treatment of Negative Symptoms: Pharmacological and Methodological Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2018

William T. Carpenter Jr
William T. Carpenter Jr*
Affiliation:
University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The drugs currently used to treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are inadequate, and the methods used to evaluate their efficacy impractical and conceptually flawed. I will attempt to clarify these issues, but they are complex, and the solutions I suggest will not be completely satisfactory.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 168 , Issue S29: Current Issues in the Development of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs , May 1996 , pp. 17 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alpert, M. & Friedhoff, A. J. (1980) An un-dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 387–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N.C. (1983) The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Stassen, H. H. & Woggon, B. (1989) Effect of neuroleptics on positive and negative symptoms and the deficit state. Psychopharmacology, 99, S41–S46.Google Scholar
Borison, R. L., Pathiraja, A. P., Diamond, B. I., et al (1992) Risperidone: clinical safety and efficacy in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28, 213–218.Google ScholarPubMed
Breier, A., Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B., et al (1994) Effects of clozapine on positive and negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 20–26.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B., Heinrich, D. W., et al (1990) Clinical correlates of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 290–294.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. W., Breier, A., Kirkpatrick, B., et al (1993) Structural abnormalities in deficit vs. non-deficit schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 59–65.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. W. & Carpenter, W. T. (1994) Domains of psychopathology: an approach to the reduction of heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 193–204.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. W., Brandes, M. & Breier, A. (1996) Pharmacological strategies for treating negative symptoms. In The New Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia (ed. Breier, A.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press (in press).Google Scholar
Carpenter, W. T. Jr, Heinrich, D. W. & Alphs, L. D. (1985) Treatment of negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 440–452.Google Scholar
Carpenter, W. T. Jr, Heinrich, D. W. & Wagman, A. M. I. (1988) Deficit and non-deficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 578–583.Google Scholar
Carpenter, W. T. Jr, Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B., et al (1993) Strong inference, theory testing, and the neuroanatomy of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 825–831.Google Scholar
Ceskova, E. & Svestka, J. (1993) Double-blind comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses. Pharmacopsychiatry, 26, 121–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chouinard, G., Jones, B., Remington, G., et al (1993) A Canadian multicentre placebo-controlled study of fixed doses of risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 25–40.Google Scholar
Christison, G. W., Kirch, D. G. & Wyatt, R. J. (1991) When symptoms persist: choosing among alternative somatic treatments for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 217–245.Google Scholar
Claus, A., Bollen, J., DeCuyper, H., et al (1992) Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients: a multicentre double-blind comparative study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 85, 285–305.Google Scholar
Davis, K. L., Kahm, R. S., Ko, G., et al (1991) Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1474–1481.Google Scholar
Fenton, W. S. & McGlashan, T. H. (1991) Natural history of schizophrenia subtypes. II. Positive and negative symptoms and long-term course. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 978–986.Google Scholar
Goldberg, S. C. (1985) Negative and deficit symptoms in schizophrenia do respond to neuroleptics. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 453–456.Google Scholar
Heinrich, K., Klieser, E., Lehmann, E., et al (1994) Risperidone versus clozapine in the treatment of schizophrenic patients with acute symptoms: a double blind, randomized trial. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 18, 129–137.Google Scholar
Kane, J. M. & Marder, S. R. (1993) Psychopharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19, 287–302.Google Scholar
Kane, J. M., Honigfeld, G., Singer, J., et al (1988) Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 789–796.Google Scholar
Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A. & Lindenmayer, J. P. (1988) Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics. Psychiatry Research, 23, 99–110.Google Scholar
Keith, S. J., for the TSS Collaborative Study Group (1992) Influence of dose reduction and family treatment on cross-sectional measures. Report from the NIMH Schizophrenia Treatment Strategies Study, p. 63.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, B., Buchanan, R. W., McKenney, P. D., et al (1989) The Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome: an instrument for research in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 30, 119–123.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1919) Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (trans. R. M. Barclay, 1971). Huntington: Robert F. Kreiger.Google Scholar
Krawiecka, M., Goldberg, D. & Vaughan, M. (1977) A standardised psychiatric assessment for rating chronic psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 55, 299–308.Google Scholar
Liddle, P. F. (1987) The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a reexamination of the positive–negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145–151.Google Scholar
Marder, S. R. & Meibach, R. C. (1994) Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 825–835.Google Scholar
Mayerhoff, D. I., Loebel, A. D., Geisler, S. H., et al (1992) The deficit state in a prospective study of first episode schizophrenia (abstract). Journal of Schizophrenia, 6, 168–169.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y. (1991) Pharmacologic treatment of negative symptoms. In Negative Schizophrenic Symptoms: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications (eds Greden, J. F. & Tandon, R.), pp. 217–231. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y. (1992a) Treatment of the neuroleptic non-responsive schizophrenic patient. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18, 515–542.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y. (1992b) Clozapine: pattern of efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In Novel Antipsychotic Drugs (ed. Meltzer, H. Y.). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y., Sommers, A. A. & Luchings, D. J. (1986) The effect of neuroleptics and other psychotropic drugs on negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, 329–338.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y., Batani, B., Kwon, K. Y., et al (1989) A prospective study of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients. I. Preliminary report. Psychopharmacology, 99 (suppl.), S68–S72.Google Scholar
Miller, D. D., Perry, P. J., Cadoret, R. J., et al (1994) Clozapine's effect on negative symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenics. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 8–15.Google Scholar
Opler, L. A., Albert, D. & Ramirez, P. M. (1994) Psychopharmacologic treatment of negative schizophrenic symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 16–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Overall, J. E. & Gorham, D. R. (1962) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10, 799–812.Google Scholar
Schotte, A., Janssen, P. G., Megens, A. A., et al (1993) Occupancy of neurotransmitter receptors by risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol, measured ex vivo by quantitative autoradiography. Brain Research, 631, 191–202.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. S. & Carpenter, W. T. (1972) 4-Hydroxydopamine, noradrenergic reward, and schizophrenia. Science, 175, 921–922.Google Scholar
Tamminga, C. A., Thaker, G. K., Buchanan, R., et al (1992) Limbic system abnormalities identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 522–530.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. A. & Abrams, R. (1978) A rating scale for emotional blunting. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 226–229.Google Scholar
Wilms, G., Van Ongeval, C., Baert, A. L., et al (1992) Ventricular enlargement, clinical correlates and treatment outcome in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 85, 306–312.Google Scholar
Wing, J. & Brown, G. (1970) Institutionalism and Schizophrenia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.