Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:32:42.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Syndromes of Chronic Schizophrenia and Some Clinical Correlates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

K. W. Brown  and
T. White
K. W. Brown*
Affiliation:
Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Place, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, and Bellsdyke Hospital, Stenhousemuir PK5 4SF
T. White
Affiliation:
Douglas Inch Clinic, Woodside Terrace, Glasgow, and Bellsdyke Hospital, Stenhousemuir PK5 4SF
*
∗Correspondence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Subtypes of the features of chronic schizophrenia were investigated. As in previous research, three discrete syndromes were found. These were then related to demographic, psychological, and movement-disorder variables. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed in terms of known neostriatal functions.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 161 , Issue 3 , September 1992 , pp. 317 - 322
Copyright
Copyright © 1992 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, G. E., De Long, M. R. & Strick, P. L. (1986) Parallel organisation of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357–381.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised) (DSM–III–R). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1979) Thought, language and communication disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1315–1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N. C. (1983) The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, LA: University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1985) Positive vs negative schizophrenia: a critical evaluation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 380–389.Google Scholar
Bartels, M. & Themelis, J. (1983) Computerised tomography in tardive dyskinesia. Archiv für Psychiatric und Nervenkrankheitan, 233, 371–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartzokis, G., Garber, H. J., Marder, S. R., et al (1990) MRI in tardive dyskinesia: shortened left caudate T2. Biological Psychiatry, 28, 1027–1036.Google Scholar
Berg, E. A. (1948) A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking. Journal of General Psychology, 39, 15–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilder, R. M., Mukherjee, S., Rieder, R. O., et al (1985) Symptomatic and neuropsychological components of defect states. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 409–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braude, W. M., Barnes, T. R. E. & Gore, S. M. (1983) Clinical characteristics of akathisia: a systematic investigation of acute psychiatric in-patient admissions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 139–150.Google Scholar
Brown, K. W., Glen, S. E. & White, T. (1987) Low serum iron status and akathisia. Lancet, 2, 1234–1236.Google Scholar
Brown, K. W., White, T. & Palmer, D. (1992) Movement disorders and tests of frontal lobe function in schizophrenic patients. Psychological Medicine, 22, 69–77.Google Scholar
Cambier, J. Elqhozi, D. & Strube, E. (1979) Hémorragie de la tête du noyau caude gauche. Revue Neurologique (Paris), 115, 763–764.Google Scholar
Carlsson, M. & Carlsson, A. (1990) Schizophrenia: a subcortical neurotransmitter imbalance syndrome. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 425–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. (1989) A current view of the type II syndrome: age of onset, intellectual impairment, and the meaning of structural changes in the brain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155 (suppl. 7): 15–20.Google Scholar
Davis, J. M. (1976) Comparative dose and cost of antipsychotic medication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 858–861.Google Scholar
De Leon, J., Wilson, W. H. & Simpson, G. M. (1989) Measurement of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Developments, 7, 211–234.Google Scholar
De Long, M. R., Georgopoulos, A. P., Crutcher, M. D., et al (1984)— Functional organisation of the basal ganglia: contribution of single-cell recording studies. In Functions of the Basal Ganglia (Ciba Foundation Symposium 107) (eds Evered, D. & O'Connor, M.), pp. 87–104. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Divac, I., Rosvold, H. E. & Szwarcbart, M. K. (1967) Behavioural effects of selective ablation of the caudate nucleus. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology, 63, 184–190.Google Scholar
Early, T. S., Posner, M. I., Reiman, E. M., et al (1989a) Hyperactivity of the left striato-pallidal projection. Part I. Lower level theory. Psychiatric Developments, 2, 85–108.Google Scholar
Early, T. S., Posner, M. I., Reiman, E. M., et al (1989b) Left striatopallidal hyperactivity in schizophrenia. Part II. Phenomenology and thought disorder. Psychiatric Developments, 2, 109–122.Google Scholar
Fernandez Pardal, M. M., Micheli, F., Asconape, J., et al (1985)—Neurobehavioural symptoms in caudate hemorrhage: two cases. Neurology, 35, 1806–1807.Google Scholar
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. (1975) “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.Google Scholar
Gibbons, R. D., Lewine, R. R. J., Davis, J. M., et al (1985) An empirical test of a Kraepelinian vs a Bleularian view of negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 16–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1960) A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.Google Scholar
Jellinger, K. (1977) Neuropathological findings after neuroleptic long-term therapy. In Neurotoxicology (eds Roizen, L., Sharki, H. & Grevil, N.), pp. 25–42. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Krawiecka, M., Goldberg, D. & Vaughan, M. (1977) A standardised psychiatric assessment scale for rating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 55, 299–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulhara, P. & Chandiramani, K. (1990) Positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia: a follow-up study from India. Schizophrenia Research, 3, 107–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. Q. (1985) Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (2nd edn), pp. 733–747. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Liddle, P. F. (1987a) The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liddle, P. F. (1987b) Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychological Medicine, 17, 49–57.Google Scholar
Liddle, P. F. & Barnes, T. R. E. (1990) Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 558–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendez, M. F., Adams, N. L. & Lewandowski, K. S. (1989) Neurobehavioural changes associated with caudate lesions. Neurology, 39, 349–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesulam, M.-M. (1981) A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Annals of Neurology, 10, 309–325.Google Scholar
Mogenson, G. J. (1987) Limbic-motor integration. In Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology (vol. 42), pp. 117–170. New York: American Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Neely, J. H. (1977) Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226–254.Google Scholar
Nelson, H. E. & McKenna, V. (1975) The use of current reading ability in the assessment of dementia. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 259–267.Google Scholar
NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) (1976) Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. In Early Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Assessment Manual (ed. Guy, W.), pp. 266–268. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Oberg, R. G. E. & Divac, I. (1979) ‘Cognitive’ functions of the neostriatum. In The Striatum (eds Divac, I. & Oberg, R. G. E.), pp. 291–313. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Pandurangi, A. K., Devi, V. & Channabasavanna, S. (1980) Caudate atrophy in irreversible tardive dyskinesia (a pneumoencephalographic study). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 229–231.Google ScholarPubMed
Reitan, R. M. (1958) Validity of the Trail-Making Test as an indication of organic brain damage. Perception and Motor Skills, 9, 127–129.Google Scholar
Richfield, E. K., Twyman, R. & Berent, S. (1987) Neurological syndrome following bilateral damage to the head of the caudate nuclei. Annals of Neurology, 22, 768–771.Google Scholar
Robbins, T. W. (1990) The case for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 391–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schooler, N. R. & Kane, J. M. (1982) Research diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 686–687.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. M. & Angus, J. W. S. (1970) A rating scale for extrapyramidal side-effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 212 (suppl.): 11–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sommers, A. A. (1985) ‘Negative symptoms’: conceptual and methodological problems. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 364–379.Google Scholar
Thakur, G. K., Nguyen, J. A. & Tamminga, C. A. (1989) Increased saccadic distractibility in tardive dyskinesia: functional evidence for subcortical GABA dysfunction. Biological Psychiatry, 25, 49–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weintraub, S. & Mesulam, M.-M. (1985) Mental state assessment of young and elderly adults in behavioural neurology. In Principles of Behavioural Neurology (ed. Mesulam, M.-M.), pp. 71–123. Philadelphia: Davis.Google Scholar
White, T., Brown, K. W. & Woods, J. P. (1991) Tardive dyskinesia and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 83, 377–379.Google Scholar
Young, A. H., Blackwood, D. H. R., Roxborough, H., et al (1991) A magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia: brain structure and clinical symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 158–164.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.