Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-mzp66 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T01:43:39.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

‘Pfropfschizophrenie’ revisited

Schizophrenia in people with mild learning disability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2018

Gillian A. Doody ,
Eve C. Johnstone ,
T. L. Sanderson ,
David G.C. Owens  and
W J. Muir
Gillian A. Doody*
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh
Eve C. Johnstone
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh
T. L. Sanderson
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh
David G.C. Owens
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh
W J. Muir
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh
*
Dr G. A. Doody, Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edinburgh EHIOSHF
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

It is reported that people with mild learning disability have a higher point prevalence of schizophrenia than the normal population, the reasons for which are unclear.

Method

Thirty-nine subjects with mild learning disability and schizophrenia, 34 control subjects with schizophrenia and 28 control subjects with mild learning disability were seen. Interviews with relatives and carers were also conducted. Assessments were made of clinical variables, psychopathology, neurological ‘soft'signs, IQ, memory and family history. Blood was taken for karyotypic analysis from comorbid subjects.

Results

The comorbid group had more negative symptoms, episodic memory deficits, soft neurological signs, epilepsy and receive more community supports than control subjects with schizophrenia. Comorbid subjects had a tendency to belong to multiply affected families and show high rates of chromosomal variants on routine karyotypic testing.

Conclusions

Future work on the generality of schizophrenia should include people with premorbid learning disability, as a discrete subtype from whom valuable genetic aetiological clues may be obtained.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 173 , Issue 2 , August 1998 , pp. 145 - 153
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised) (DSM – III – R). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Amnions, R. B. & Ammans, C. H. (1962) Quick IQ Test. Missoula. MT: Psychological Test Specialists.Google Scholar
Buchanan, W. R. & Heinrichs, D. W. (1969) The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES): A structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 27, 335–350.Google Scholar
Buckton, K. E., O'Riordan, M. L., Jacobs, P. A., et al (1976) C- and Q-band polymorphisms in the chromosomes of three human populations. Annals of Human Genetics (London), 40, 99–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, A. F., Kay, D. W. K., Curry, A. R., et al (1974) Hearing loss in paranoid and affective psychoses of the elderly. Loncet, ii. 851–853.Google Scholar
Corbett, J. A. (1979) Psychiatric Morbidity and Mental Retardation. In Psychiatric Illness and Mental Handicap (eds Snaith, P. & James, F. E.), pp. 11–25. London: Gaskell.Google Scholar
DeLisi, L. E., Friedrich, U., Wahlastrom, J., et al (1994) Schizophrenia and sex chromosome anomalies. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 20, 495–505.Google Scholar
DeQuardo, J. R., Tandon, R., Goldman, R., et al (1994) Ventricular enlargement, neuropsychological status, and pre-morbid function in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 35, 517–524.Google Scholar
Endlcott, J. & Spitzer, R. L. (1978) A Diagnostic Interview: The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837–844.Google Scholar
Felghner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S., et al (1972) Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57–62.Google Scholar
Heaton-Ward, A. (1977) Psychosis in mental handicap (The Blake Marsh Lecture 1976). British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 525–533.Google Scholar
Heston, L. L. (1982) Alzheimer's dementia and Down's syndrome: genetic evidence suggesting an association. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 396, 29–37.Google Scholar
HMSO (1980) Classification of Occupations of the Registrar General. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Hucker, S. J., Day, K. A., George, S., et al (1979) Psychosis in mentally handicapped adults. In Psychiatric Illness and Mental Handicap (eds Snaith, P. & James, F. E.), pp. 27–35. London: Gaskell.Google Scholar
Kallman, F. J., Barrera, S. E., Hoch, P. H., et al (1941) The role of mental deficiency in the incidence of schizophrenia. American Journal of Mental Deficiency. 45, 514–539.Google Scholar
Kay, S. R., Fisbein, A. & Opler, L. A. (1987) The positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendrick, S. & Clarice, J. (1993) The Scottish record linkage system. Health Bulletin. 51, 72–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Kraepelln, E. (1919) Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (trans. Barclay, R. M., ed. Robertson, G. M.). Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Lubs, H. A. & Ruddle, F. H. (1978) Applications of quantitative karyotypy to chromosome population. In Human Population Genetics (eds Jacobs, P. A., Price, W. H. & Law, P.), pp. 119–141. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.Google Scholar
Meadows, G., Turner, T., Campbell, L., et al (1991) Assessing schizophrenia in adults with mental retardation: & comparative study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 103–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, H. E. & O'Connell, A. (1978) Dementia; the estimation of premorbid intelligence using the New Adult Reading Test. Cortex, 14, 234–244.Google Scholar
Offord, D. R. & Cross, L. A. (1971) Adult schizophrenia with scholastic failure or low IQ in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 431–436.Google Scholar
Penrose, L. S. (1938) & Clinical and Genetic Study of 1280 Cases of Mental Defect. Special Report Series of Medical Research Council 229. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Reld, A. H. (1972) Psychoses in adult mental defects. I. Manic depressive psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 205–212.Google Scholar
Reld, A. H. (1972) Psychoses in adult mental defects. II. Schizophrenia and paranoid psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 213–218.Google Scholar
Reiss, S. & Szyszko, J. (1983) Diagnostic overshadowing and professional experience with mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 87, 396–402.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1975) Research Diagnostic Criteria. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Trimble, M. R. (1996) Anticonvulsant-induced psychiatric disorders. The role of forced normalisation. Drug Safety. 15, 159–166.Google Scholar
Turner, T. H. (1989) Schizophrenia and mental handicap: an historical review, with implications for further research. Psychological Medicine, 19, 301–314.Google Scholar
Wilson, B. A., Cockburn, J. M. & Baddeley, A. D. (1985) The Rivermead Memory Test. Titchfield. Hants: Thames Valley Test Co.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1967) Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, 1965 revision (8th edn) (ICD–8). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1978) Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. (ICD–9). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.