Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T11:31:38.058Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Monoamines and Abnormal Behaviour a Multi-Aminergic Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

H. M. Van Praag*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
G. M. Asnis
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
R. S. Kahn
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
S. L. Brown
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
M. Korn
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
J. M. Harkavy Friedman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
S. Wetzler
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
*
Correspondence

Abstract

Classical nosology has been the cornerstone of biological psychiatric research; finding biological markers and eventually causes of disease entities has been the major goal. Another approach, designated as ‘functional’, is advanced here, attempting to correlate biological variables with psychological dysfunctions, the latter being considered to be the basic units of classification in psychopathology. Signs of diminished DA, 5–HT and NA metabolism, as have been found in psychiatric disorders, are not disorder-specific, but rather are related to psychopathological dimensions (hypoactivity/inertia, increased aggression/anxiety, and anhedonia) independent of the nosological framework in which these dysfunctions occur. Implications of the functional approach for psychiatry include a shift from nosological to functional application of psychotropic drugs. Functional psychopharmacology will be dysfunction-orientated and therefore geared towards utilising drug combinations. This prospect is hailed as progress, both practically and scientifically.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM–III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Apter, A., van Praag, H. M., Plutchik, R., et al (1990) The relationships between a serotonergically linked series of psychopathological dimensions. Psychiatry Research 32, 191199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asakura, M., Tsukamoto, T., Kubota, H., et al (1987) Role of serotonin in the regulation of β-adrenoceptors by antidepressants. European Journal of Pharmacology, 141, 95100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asberg, M., Traskman, L. & Thoren, P. (1976) 5–HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical suicide predictor? Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 11931197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashton, H. (1987) Brain or Systems Disorders and Psychotropic Drugs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Asnis, G. M., Halbreich, U., Rabinovich, H., et al (1985) The Cortisol response to desipramine in endogenous depressives and normal controls: preliminary findings. Psychiatry Research, 14, 225233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banki, C. M. (1977a) Correlation between CSF metabolites and psychomotor activity in affective disorders. Journal of Neurochemistry, 28, 255257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banki, C. M. (1977b) Correlation of anxiety and related symptoms with cerebrospinal fluid 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid in depressed women. Journal of Neural Transmission, 41, 135143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banki, C. M., Molnar, G. & Vojnik, M. (1981) Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites, tryptophan and clinical parameters in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 3, 9199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartholini, G., Keller, H. H. & Pletscher, A. (1973) Effect of neuroleptics on endogenous norepinephrine in rat brain. Neuropharmacology, 12, 751756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartholini, G., Haefely, W., Jalfre, M., et al (1972) Effects of clozapine on cerebral catecholaminergic neurone systems. British Journal of Pharmacology, 46, 736740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bioulac, B., Benezich, M., Renaud, B., et al (1980) Serotonergic functions in the 47, XYZ syndrome. Biological Psychiatry, 15, 917923.Google Scholar
Brown, G. L., Goodwin, F. K., Ballenger, J. C., et al (1979) Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid metabolites. Psychiatry Research, 1, 131139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, S. L., Bleich, A. & van Praag, H. M. (1990) The monoamine hypothesis of depression: the case for serotonin. In The Role of Serotonin in Psychiatric Disorders (eds S. L. Brown & H. M. van Praag). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
Brown, S. L., Ebert, M. E., Goyer, P. F., et al (1982) Aggression, suicide and serotonin: relationships to CSF amine metabolites. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 741746.Google ScholarPubMed
Burki, H. R., Ruch, W., Asper, H., et al (1974) Effect of single and repeated administration of clozapine on the metabolism of dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain of the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology, 27, 180190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buus Lassen, J. (1974) Evidence of noradrenaline (NA) – and dopamine (DA) – receptor blockade by clozapine. Journal of Pharmacology, 5, 14.Google Scholar
Ceulemans, D. L. S., Hoppenbrouwers, M. I. J. A., Gelders, Y., et al (1985) The influence of ritanserin, a serotonin antagonist, in anxiety disorders: a double-blind placebo-controlled study versus lorazepam. Pharmakopsychiatrie, 18, 303305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Checkley, S. A., Glass, I. B., Thompson, C., et al (1984) The GH response to clonidine in endogenous as compared with reactive depression. Psychological Medicine, 14, 773777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cloninger, C. R. (1986) A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatric Development, 3, 167226.Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R. (1987) A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. (1973) Catecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation:2. A theoretical interpretation and some psychiatric implications. Psychological Medicine, 3, 6673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. (1977) A general catecholamine hypothesis. Neuroscience Research Progress Bulletin, 15, 195205.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. & Deakin, J. F. W. (1985) Neurohormonal transmission, behaviour and mental disorder. In Handbook of Psychiatry. Part 5 (ed. M. Shepherd). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Curzon, G., Hutson, P. H., Kantamaneni, B. D., et al (1985) 3,4–Dihydroxphenylethylamine and 5–hydroxytryptamine metabolism in the rat: acidic metabolites in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid before and after giving probenecid. Journal of Neurochemistry, 45, 508513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Den Boer, J. A., Westenberg, H. G. M., Kamerbeek, W. D. J., et al (1987) Effect of serotonin uptake inhibitors in anxiety disorders: a double-blind comparison of clomipramine and fluvoxamine. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 2132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devau, G., Multon, M. F., Pujol, J. F., et al (1987) Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by serotonin in explains of newborn rat locus ceruleus. Journal of Neurochemistry, 49, 665670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endicott, J. & Spitzer, R. L. (1978) A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (SADS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, L. & Moore, G. (1981) The treatment of phobic anxiety by zimeldine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 63 (suppl 290), 342345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, L., Kenardy, J., Schneider, P., et al (1986) Effect of a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor in agoraphobia with panic attacks. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73, 4953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferron, A., Descarries, L. & Reader, T. A. (1982) Altered neuronal responsiveness to biogenic amines in rat cerebral cortex after serotonin denervation or depletion. Brain Research, 231, 93108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feuerstein, T. J. & Hertting, G. (1986) Serotonin (5–HT) enhances hippocampal noradrenaline (NA) release: Evidence for facilitatory 5–HT receptors within the CNS. Nanunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 333, 191197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fink, M. (1979) Convulsive Therapy. Theory and Practice. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Franklin, K. B. J. (1978) Catecholamines and self-stimulation: reward and performance effects dissociated. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 9, 813820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freed, C. R. & Yamamoto, B. K. (1985) Regional brain dopamine metabolism: a marker for the speed, direction and posture of moving animals. Science, 229, 62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frith, C. K., Dowdy, J., Ferrier, I. N., et al (1985) Selective impairment of paired associate learning after administration of a centrally-acting adrenergic agonist (clonidine). Psychopharmacology, 87, 490493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuenmayor, L. D. & Bermudez, M. (1985) Effect of the cerebral tryptaminergic system on the turnover of dopamine in the striatum of the rat. Journal of Neurochemistry, 44, 670674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, F. V. & Post, R. M. (1983) 5–hydroxytryptamine and depression: a model for the interaction of normal variances and pathology. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 15, 393405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, A. R. & Deakin, J. F. W. (1980) Brain noradrenaline depletion prevents ECS-induced enhancement of serotonin- and dopamine-mediated behaviour. Nature, 285, 232233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heal, D. J., Philpot, K. M., O'Shaughnessy, K. M., et al (1986) The influence of central noradrenergic function on 5–HT2–mediated head-twitch responses in mice: possible implications for the actions of antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacology, 89, 414420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, G. E., Atrens, D. M., Chesher, G. B., et al (1976) α-noradrenergic modulation of hypothalamic self-stimulation: studies employing clonidine, 1-phenylephrine and α-methyl-$o-tyrosine. European Journal of Pharmacology, 37, 105111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, B. J., Costall, B., Domeney, A. M., et al (1988) The potential anxiolytic activity of GR38032F, a 5–HT3–receptor antagonist. British Journal of Pharmacology, 93, 985993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, R. S. & Westenberg, H. G. M. (1985) I-5-Hydroxy-tryptophan in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 8, 197200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, R. S., Westenberg, H. G. M. & Jolles, J. (1984) Zimelidine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 69, 259261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, R. S., Westenberg, H. G. M., Verhoeven, W. M. A., et al (1987) Effect of a serotonin precursor and uptake inhibitor in anxiety disorders: a double-blind comparison of 5–hydroxytryptophan, clomipramine and placebo. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 3345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, R. S., Wetzler, , van Praag, H. M., et al (1988a) Behavioral indications for serotonin receptor hypersensitivity in panic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 25, 101104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, R. S., Wetzler, , van Praag, H. M., et al (1988b) Neuroendocrine evidence for serotonin receptor hypersensitivity in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology, 96, 360364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahn, R. S., van Praag, H. M., Wetzler, S., et al (1988c) Serotonin and anxiety revisited. Biological Psychiatry, 23, 189208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, M. M., Koslow, S., Maas, J. W., et al (1987) The timing and specificity and clinical prediction of tricyclic drug effects in depression. Psychological Medicine, 17, 297309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, M. M., Koslow, S. H., Mass, J. W., et al (1990) Identifying the specific clinical actions of amitriptyline: Interrelationships of behavior, affect & plasma levels in depression (submitted).Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987) The cognitive unconscious. Science, 237, 14451452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koczkas, S., Holmberg, G. & Wedin, L. (1981) A pilot study of the effect of the 5–HT uptake inhibitor, zimelidine, on phobic anxiety. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 63 (suppl. 290), 328341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lidberg, L., Asberg, M. & Sundquist-Stensman, U. B. (1984) 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid in attempted suicides who have killed their children. Lancet, ii, 928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lidberg, L., Tuck, J. R., Asberg, M., et al (1985) Homicide, suicide and CSF 5–HIAA. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 71, 230236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindstrom, L. H. (1985) Low HVA and normal 5–HIAA CSF levels in drug free schizophrenia patients, compared to healthy volunteers: correlations to symptomatology and heredity. Psychiatry Research, 14, 265274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnoila, M., Virkhunen, M., Scheinin, M., et al (1983) Low cerebrospinal fluid 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from nonimpulsive violent behavior. Life Science, 33, 26092614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manier, D. H., Gillespie, D. D., Steranka, L. R., et al (1984) A pivotal role for serotonin (5–HT) in the regulation of beta-adrenoceptors by antidepressants: reversibility of the action of parachlorophenylalanine by 5–hydroxytryptophan. Experientia, 40, 12231226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, S. T. (1984) Catecholamines and Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Olds, J. & Milner, P. (1954) Positive reinforcement produced by ELECTRICAL stimulation of the septal area and other regions of the rat brain. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology, 47, 419427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papeschi, R. & McClure, D. J. (1971) Homovanillic and 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid in depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 354358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plutchik, R., van Praag, H. M. & Conte, H. R. (1989) Correlates of suicide and violence risk, III. A 2–stage model of countervailing forces. Psychiatry Research, 28, 215225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raleigh, M. J. (1987) Differential behavioral effects of tryptophan and 5–hydroxytryptophan in vervet monkeys: influence of catecholaminergic systems. Psychopharmacology, 93, 4450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redmond, R. C. & Huang, Y. H. (1979) New evidence for a locus coeruleus-norepinephrine connection with anxiety. Life Science, 25, 21492162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinhard, J. R. Jr., Galloway, M. P. & Roth, R. H. (1983) Noradrenergic modulation of serotonin synthesis and metabolism. II. Stimulation by 3–isobutyle-1–methylxanthine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 226, 764769.Google Scholar
Robbins, T. W., Everitt, B. J., Cole, B. J., et al (1985) Functions of the coeruleo-cortical noradrenergic projection: a review of recent experimentation and theory. Physiological Psychology, 13, 390397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydin, E., Schalling, D. & Asberg, M. (1982) Rorschach ratings in depressed and suicidal patients with low CSF 5–HIAA. Psychiatry Research, 7, 229243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siever, L. J. (1988) Role of noradrenergic mechanisms in the etiology of affective disorders. In Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress (ed. H. Y. Meltzer), pp. 493504. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Stein, L. (1978) Reward transmitters: catecholamines and opioid peptides. In Psychopharmacology: a Generation of Progress (eds M. A. Lipton, A. DiMascio, K. F. Killam), pp. 569581. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. P., Elson, M. S., Riblet, L. A., et al (1985) Pharmacological and clinical effects of buspirone. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 23, 687694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M. (1962) A critical investigation of the importance of monoamine oxidase inhibition as a therapeutic principle in the treatment of depression. Thesis. Utrecht.Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. (1982) Neurotransmitters and CNS disease: depression. Lancet, ii, 12591264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Praag, H. M. (1983) In search of the mode of action of antidepressants: 5–HT-tyrosine mixtures in depressions. Neuropharmacology, 22, 433440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M. (1984) Studies in the mechanism of action of serotonin precursors in depression. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 20, 599602.Google ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M. (1986a) Biological suicide research. Outcome and limitations. Biological Psychiatry, 21, 13051323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M. (1986b) Serotonin precursors with and without tyrosine in the treatment of depression. In Biological Psychiatry (eds C. Shagrass, R. Josias, W. Bridger, et al). New York: Elsevier Science Publishers.Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. (1989) Diagnosing depression. Looking backward into the future. Psychiatric Developments, 4, 375394.Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. & Leijnse, B. (1965) Neubewertung des syndroms. Skizze einer funktionellen Pathologic Psychiatria Neurologia Neurochirurgia, 68, 5066.Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M. & Korf, J. (1971a) Endogenous depressions with and without disturbances in the 5–hydroxytryptamine metabolism: a biochemical classification? Psychopharmacology, 19, 148152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Praag, H. M. & Korf, J. (1971b) Retarded depression and the dopamine metabolism. Psychopharmacology, 19, 199203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Praag, H. M. & Korf, J. (1975) Central monoamine deficiency in depression: causative or secondary phenomenon? Pharmako-psychiatria, 8, 321326.Google ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M. & Lemus, C. (1986) Monoamine precursors in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In Nutrition and the Brain (eds R. J. Wurtman & J. J. Wurtman), pp. 89138. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M., Korf, J. & Puite, J. (1970) 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressive patients treated with probenecid. Nature, 225, 12591260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M., Korf, J., Lakke, J. P. W. F., et al (1975) Dopamine metabolism in depression, psychoses and parkinson's disease: the problem of the specificity of biological variables in behaviour disorders. Psychological Medicine, 5, 138146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Praag, H. M., Korf, J. & Dols, L. C. W. (1976) Clozapine versus perphenazine: the value of the biochemical mode of action of neuroleptics in predicting their therapeutic activity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 547555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M., Plutchik, R. & Conte, H. (1986) The serotonin-hypothesis of (auto) aggression. Critical appraisal of the evidence. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 487, 150167.Google ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M., Lemus, C. & Kahn, R. (1987a) Hormonal probes of central serotonergic activity. Do they really exist? Biological Psychiatry, 22, 8698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M., Kahn, R., Asnis, G. M., et al (1987b) Therapeutic indications for serotonin potentiating compounds. A hypothesis. Biological Psychiatry, 22, 205212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M., Kahn, R., Asnis, G. M., et al (1987c) Denosologization of biological psychiatry on the specificity of 5–HT disturbances in psychiatric disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 13, 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Praag, H. M., Verhoeven, W. M. A. & Kahn, R. S. (1988) Psychofarmaca (3rd edn). Assen/Maastricht: Van Gorcum.Google Scholar
van Praag, H. M., Asnis, G. M., Brown, S. L., et al (1990) Beyond serotonin. A multi-aminergic perspective on abnormal behavior. In Serotonin in Psychiatric Disorders (eds S. L. Brown & H. M. van Praag). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
Virkkunen, M., Nuutila, A., Goodwin, F. K., et al (1987) Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels in male arsonists. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 241247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J. & Davies, J. A. (1983) The involvement of 5–hydroxytryptamine in the release of dendritic dopamine from slices of rat substantia nigra. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 35, 734737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wise, R. A. (1982) Neuroleptics and operant behavior. The anhedonia hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 3987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.