Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:23:04.091Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Applications in Neuropsychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2018

J. A. O. Besson*
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health, University Medical Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD

Extract

The ability to measure the behaviour of protons when influenced by a magnetic field has been known to scientists since the early work of Purcell et al (1946) and Bloch (1946). The application of this technique to man, with the ability to reconstruct the data to create an image, is however a more recent innovation. Early work in this area was carried out by Damadian (1977) and Lautebur (1979) in New York, Mansfield & Maudsley (1977) in Nottingham, and Mallard et al (1979) in Aberdeen. The general principles of all these systems are similar, although the technical approaches have differed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1990 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anzola, G. P., Bevelaqua, L., Cappa, S. F., et al (1990) Neuropsychological assessment in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and mild functional impairment: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 53, 142145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, D., McDonald, W. I., Johnson, G., et al (1987) Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: characterisation of experimental cerebral oedema. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 50, 125133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, D., McDonald, W. I., Landon, D. N., et al (1988) The characterisation of experimental gliosis by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Brain, 111, 8394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, B. A., Smith, M. A., Kean, D. M., et al (1987) Brain water measurement of magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with direct estimation and changes following mannitol and dexamethasone. Lancet, i, 6669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besson, J. A. O. (1987) Electrophysiological and Brain Imaging Investigations in Dementia. London: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Besson, J. A. O., Glen, A. I. M. & Foreman, E. I. (1981) Nuclear magnetic resonance observations in alcoholic cerebral disorder and the role of vasopressin. Lancet, ii, 923924.Google Scholar
Besson, J. A. O., Corrigan, F. M., Foreman, E. I., et al (1985) NMR-imaging in dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 3136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besson, J. A. O., Glen, E., Glen, I., et al (1987) Essential fatty acids, mean cell volume and nuclear magnetic resonance of brains of ethanol dependent human subjects. Alcohol and Alcoholism (suppl. 1), 577581.Google Scholar
Besson, J. A. O., Greentree, S. G., Foster, M. A., et al (1989a) Effects of ethanol on rat relaxation times – acute administration, dependency and chronic long-term effects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 818821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besson, J. A. O., Wheatley, D. N., Skinner, E. R., et al (1989b) IH–NMR relaxation times and water content of red blood cells from chronic alcoholic patients during withdrawal. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 7, 289291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besson, J. A. O., Craig, E., Ebmeier, K. P. (1990) The effects of progressive abstinence from alcohol on red blood cell proton relaxation times and water content. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besson, J. A. O., Crawford, J. R., Parker, D. M., et al (1989c) Magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, alcoholic dementia and Korsakoff disease. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80, 451458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besson, J. A. O., Greentree, S. G., Foster, M. A., et al (1989d) Regional rat brain proton relaxation times and water content. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 7, 141143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besson, J. A. O., Crawford, J. R., Parker, D. M., et al (1990) Multimodal imaging in Alzheimer's disease: the relationship between MRI, SPECT, cognitive and pathological changes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 216220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloch, F. (1946) ‘Nuclear induction”. Physics Review, 7, 8.Google Scholar
Bondareff, W., Raval, J., Colletti, P. M., et al (1988) Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and severity of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 853858.Google ScholarPubMed
Bondareff, W., Raval, J., Woo, B., et al (1990) Magnetic resonance imaging and the severity of dementia in older adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 4751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brun, A. & Englund, E. (1986a) Brain changes in dementia of Alzheimer's type relevant to new imaging diagnostic methods. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 10, 297308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brun, A. & Englund, E. (1986b) A white matter disorder in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a patho-anatomical study. Annals of Neurology, 19, 252262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callanan, M. M., Logsdial, J., Ron, M. A., et al (1989) Cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated lesions of the type seen in multiple sclerosis: a psychometric and MRI study. In Mental Disorders and Cognitive Deficits in Multiple Sclerosis: Current Problems in Neurology in Mental Disorders and Cognitive Deficits in Multiple Sclerosis: Current Problems in Neurology, vol. 10 (eds Jensen, K., Knudsen, L., Stenager, E., et al), pp. 6376. London: John Libbey.Google Scholar
Chick, J. D., Smith, M. A., Engleman, H. M., et al (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in alcoholics: cerebral atrophy, lifetime alcohol consumption and cognitive deficits. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 13, 512516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christie, J. E., Blackburn, I., Smith, M. A., et al (1988) Magnetic resonance imaging in presenile dementia of Alzheimer type, multi-infarct dementia and Korsakoff syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 18, 319329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condon, B., Wyper, D., Grant, R., et al (1986) Use of magnetic resonance imaging to measure intracranial cerebrospinal fluid volume. Lancet, i, 13551357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbett, R. & Leonard, B. E. (1984) Effects of cognitive changes caused by chronic administration of alcohol. Neuropharmacology, 23, 269271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damadian, R. (1977) NMR: a non invasive approach to cancer. Hospital Practice, 12, 6370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebmeier, K. P., Besson, J. A. O., Crawford, J. R., et al (1987) NMR imaging and SPET with radio-iodine labelled compounds in the diagnosis of dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 549556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Englund, E., Brun, A. & Persson, B. (1987) Correlations between histopathologic white matter changes and proton MR relaxation times in dementia. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 1, 156170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englund, E., Brun, A. & Alling, C. (1988) White matter changes in dementia of Alzheimer's Type: biochemical and neuropathological correlates. Brain, 111, 14251439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gemmell, H. C., Sharp, P. F., Besson, J. A. O., et al (1987) Differential diagnosis in dementia using Tc99mmHMPAO, a new cerebral blood flow agent. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 11, 398402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerard, G. & Weisberg, L. A. (1986) MRI periventricular lesions in adults. Neurology, 36, 9981001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, R., Hadley, D. M., Graham, D. I., et al (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging and smooth periventricular high signal areas. Lancet, i, 807808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lautebur, P. C. (1979) Medical imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance zeutmatography. Transactions of Nuclear Science NS, 26, 28082811.Google Scholar
Logsdial, S., Mullen, D. & MacManus, D. (1987) The effects of moderate blood levels of alcohol on T 1 and T 2 relaxation times of normal volunteers. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 4, 378379.Google Scholar
Mallard, J. R., Hutchinson, J. M. S., Edelstein, W., et al (1979) Imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance and its biomedical implications. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 1, 153160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mander, A. J., Smith, M. A., Kean, D. M., et al (1985) Brainswater measured in volunteers after alcohol and vasopressin. Lancet, ii, 1075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mander, A. J., Weppner, G. I., Chick, J. D., et al (1988) An NMR study of cerebral oedema and its biological correlates during withdrawal from alcohol. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 23, 97102.Google ScholarPubMed
Mander, A. J., Young, A., Chick, J. D., et al (1989) NMR T 1 relaxation time of brain during alcohol withdrawal and its lack of relationship to symptom severity. British Journal of Addiction, 84, 669672.Google ScholarPubMed
Mansfield, P. & Maudsley, A. A. (1977) Medical imaging by NMR. British Journal of Radiology, 50, 188194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathur De Vre, R. (1984) Biomedical implications of the relaxation behaviour of water related to NMR imaging. British Journal of Radiology, 57, 955976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murase, N. & Watanabe, T. (1989) Nuclear magnetic relaxation studies of compartmentalised water in cross linked polymer gels. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 9, 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paty, D. W., Hashimoto, S., Hodge, J., et al (1988) Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS): a prospective study of comparison with clinical evaluation, evoked potentials and oligoclonal banding. Neurology, 38, 180185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purcell, E. M., Taury, H. C. & Pound, R. V. (1946) Resonance absorptions by nuclear magnetic component of a solid. Physics Review, 59, 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, S. M., Leo, G. J., Haughton, V. M., et al (1989) Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with neuropsychological testing in multiple sclerosis. In Mental Disorder and Cognitive Deficits in Multiple Sclerosis. Current problems in Neurology, vol. 10 (eds Jensen, K., Knudsen, L., Stenager, E., et al), pp. 7788. London: John Libbey.Google Scholar
Revesz, T., Hawkins, C. P., du Boulay, E. P. G. H., et al (1989) Pathological findings correlated with magnetic resonance imaging in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's disease). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 52, 13371344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seab, J. P., Jagust, W. J., Wong, S. T. S., et al (1988) Quantitative NMR measurements of hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 8, 200208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M. A., Chick, J., Kean, D. M., et al (1985) Brain water in chronic alcoholic patients measured by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Lancet, i, 12731274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, W. A., Hall, L. D., Berry, K., et al (1984) Correlations between NMR scan and brain slice in multiple sclerosis. Lancet, ii, 412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, M. G., Sharp, P. F. & Law, A. N. R. (1989) Principles and appraisal of combined images in magnetic resonance imaging. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 27, 277280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, I. R., Hall, A. S., Pallis, C. A., et al (1981) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in multiple sclerosis. Lancet, ii, 10631066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.