Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T22:28:20.155Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Identification of the Endogenous Depressive Syndrome Based on the Symptoms and the Characteristics of the Course

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

P. Matussek ,
M. Söldner  and
D. Nagel
P. Matussek
Affiliation:
Forschungsstelle fur Psychopathologie und Psychotherapie in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Montsalvatstrasse 19, D-8000 München 40, Germany
M. Söldner
Affiliation:
Forschungsstelle fur Psychopathologie und Psychotherapie in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Montsalvatstrasse 19, D-8000 München 40, Germany
D. Nagel
Affiliation:
Forschungsstelle fur Psychopathologie und Psychotherapie in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Montsalvatstrasse 19, D-8000 München 40, Germany
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Using a sample of 198 depressed patients (145 female, 53 male) retrospective histories of the illnesses were collected during a depression-free interval, based on a catalogue containing 38 symptom items and the course of the depression (including the interval personality). A cluster analysis on persons and items filtered out an endogenous depressive item profile, corresponding with the clinical syndrome of patients diagnosed as endogenous depressives in the clinics, although determined without reference to the clinical diagnoses. Our study supports many results from earlier multivariate statistical studies. We consider our data to be an essential contribution towards the establishment of a multiaxial clinical picture.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 138 , Issue 5 , May 1981 , pp. 361 - 372
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1981 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akiskal, H. S. Bitar, A. H. Puzantian, V. R. Rosenthal, T. L. & Walker, P. W. (1978) The nosological status of neurotic depression. (A prospective three- to four-year follow-up examination in light of the primary-secondary and unipolar-bipolar dichotomies). Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 756–766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alsen, V. (1961) Das Kernsyndrom der endogenen Depression. Nervenarzt, 32, 470–473.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Ed. (DSM–III). Washington: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Angst, J. (1966) Zur Ätiologie und Nosologie endogener depressiver Psychosen. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ascher, E. (1951 /52) A criticism of the concept of neurotic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 108, 901–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Astrup, C. Fossum, A. & Holmboe, R. A. (1959) Follow-up study of 270 patients with acute affective psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 34, Supplementum 135, 1–65.Google Scholar
Beckmann, H. (1978) Biochemische Grundlagen der endogenen Depression. Nervenarzt, 49, 557–568.Google ScholarPubMed
Bielski, R. J. & Friedel, R. O. (1976) Prediction of tricyclic anti-depressant response—A critical review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1479–1489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleuler, E. (1930) Lehrbuch der Psychiatric Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bojanovsky, J. (1969) Differenzierung der psychogenen und endogenen Depressionen. Jena: Fischer.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. Ni Bhrolcháin, M. & Harris, T. O. (1979) Psychotic and neurotic depression: Part 3. Aetiological and background factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 1, 195–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, D. G. (1978) Cluster analysis applied to self-reported depressive symptomatology. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 57, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor, N. French, R. Smith, E. E. & Mezzich, J. (1980) Psychiatric diagnosis as prototype categorization. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 181–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carney, M. W. P. Roth, M. & Garside, R. F. (1965) The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 659–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, B. J. (1977) Neuroendocrine procedures for the diagnosis of depression. In Depressive Disorders (Medical Department of Hoechst AG, DrLindenlaub, E.). Stuttgart, New York: Schattauer.Google Scholar
Eckes, T. & Rossbach, H. (1980) Clusteranalysen. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.Google Scholar
Everitt, B. (1977) Cluster Analysis. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1959) Manual of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. London. (German translation Maudsley-Persönlichkeitsfragebogen (1964). Göttingen: Hogrefer.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1970) The classification of depressive illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 241–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foulds, G. A. & Bedford, A. (1975) The relationship between the depressive illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 531–533.Google Scholar
Funabiki, D. Bologna, N. C. Pepping, M. & Fitzgerald, K. C. (1980) Revisiting sex differences in the expression of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 194–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garside, R. F. Kay, D. W. K. Wilson, I. C. Deaton, I. D. & Roth, M. (1971) Depressive syndromes and the classification of patients. Psychological Medicine, 1, 333–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garside, R. F. & Roth, M. (1978) Multivariate statistical methods and problems of classification in psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 53–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillespie, R. D. (1929) The clinical differentiation of types of depression. Guy's Hospital Reports, 79, 306–344.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. & White, J. M. (1959) Clinical syndromes in depressive states. Journal of Mental Science, 105, 985–998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 278–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoff, H. & Hofmann, G. (1969) Die Bedeutung peristatischer Momente für Manifestation und Verlauf von Schizophrenien und Zyklothymien. In Schizophrenic und Zyklothymie. Ergebnisse und Probleme (ed. Huber, G. pp 11–18). Stuttgart: Thieme.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. (1969) The continuum model of depressive illness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 62, 789–798.Google ScholarPubMed
Kerr, T. A. Schapira, K. Roth, M. & Garside, R. F. (1970) The relationship between the Maudsley Personality Inventory and the course of affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 116, 11–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kjelholz, P. (1971) Diagnose und Therapie der Depressionen für den Praktiker. München: J. F. Lehmanns.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiloh, L. G. & Garside, R. F. (1963) The independence of neurotic depression and endogenous depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 451–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiloh, L. G. Andrews, G. Neilson, M. & Bianchi, G. N. (1972) The relationship of the syndromes called endogenous and neurotic depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 183–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, D. F. (1974) Endogenomorphic depression: A conceptual and terminological revision. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 447–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klerman, G. L. (1971) Clinical research in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 305–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klerman, G. L. (1972) Clinical phenomenology of depression: Implications for research strategy in the psycho-biology of the affective disorders. In Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses (eds. Williams, T. A. Katz, M. M. and Shields, J. A.). pp 331–339. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. L. Endicott, J. Spitzer, R. & Hirschfeld, R. M. A. (1979) Neurotic depressions: A systematic analysis of multiple criteria and meanings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 57–61.Google ScholarPubMed
Klicpera, C. Albert, W. & Strian, F. (1979) Effects of somatic treatments on mood in endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 60, 129–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E. (1909, 1910, 1913, 1915) Psychiatric 8th Ed. I-IV, Leipzig: Barth. (Section on Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Eng. trans. M. Barclay, 1921. Edinburgh: Livingstone).Google Scholar
Lance, G. N. & Williams, W. T. (1965) Computer programs for monothetic classification. Computer Journal, 8, 246–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langer, G. Heinze, G. Reim, B. & Matussek, N. (1976) Reduced growth hormone responses to amphetamine in ‘endogenous’ depressive patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1471–1475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewinsohn, P. M. Zeiss, A. M. Zeiss, R. A. & Haller, R. (1977) Endogeneity and reactivity as orthogonal dimensions in depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 164, 327–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, A. J. (1934) Melancholia: A clinical survey of depressive states. Journal of Mental Science, 80, 277–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matussek, P. Halbach, A. & Tröger, U. (1965) Endogene Depression. München, Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg.Google Scholar
Matussek, P. & Feil, W. B. (1980) Persönlichkeitsstruktur und Psychotherapie depressiver Patienten. Nervenarzt, 51, 542–552.Google Scholar
Matussek, P. & Luks, O. (1981) Themes of endogenous and non-endogenous. (To be published).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendels, J. (1965) Electroconvulsive therapy and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 675–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendels, J. & Cochrane, C. (1968) The nosology of depression: The endogenous-reactive concept. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mezzich, J. E. (1978) Evaluating clustering methods for psychiatric diagnosis. Biological Psychiatry, 13, 265–281.Google ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S. Klerman, G. L. & Prusoff, B. A. (1970) Treatment setting and clinical depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 22, 11–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S. (1971) Classification of depressed patients: A cluster analysis derived grouping. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 275–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S. (1979) Causal relationship between clinical depression and life events. In Stress and Mental Disorder (ed. Barrett, J. E.), pp. 71–86. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. & Coppen, A. (1979) Psychopharmacology of Affective Disorders. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. Prusoff, B. & Klerman, G. L. (1971) The endogenous-neurotic continuum in depression: Rater independence and factor distributions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 8, 83–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilowski, I. Levine, S. & Boulton, D. M. (1969) The classification of depression by numerical taxonomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 937–945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Praag, H. M. van (1978) Neuroendocrine disorders in depressions and their significance for the monoamine hypothesis of depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 57, 389–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prange, A. J. (1973) The use of drugs in depression: Its theoretical and practical basis. Psychiatric Annals, 3, 56–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rand, W. M. (1971) Objective criteria for the evaluation of clustering methods. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 66, 846–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raskin, A. & Crook, T. H. (1976) The endogenous-neurotic distinction as a predictor of response to antidepressant drugs. Psychological Medicine, 6, 47–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, S. H. & Gudeman, J. E. (1967) The endogenous depressive pattern: An empirical investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 241–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, M. Garside, R. & Gurney, C. (1974) Classification of depressive disorders. Symposia Medica Hoechst, 8, 3–26.Google Scholar
Sandifer, M. G. Wilson, J. C. & Green, L. (1966) The two type thesis of depressive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 93–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sargant, W. & Slater, E. (1972) An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry, Edinburgh and London: Livingstone; New York: Science House.Google Scholar
Scheuch, E. K. (1961) Sozialprestige und soziale Schichtung. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 5, 65–103.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J. J. Orsulak, P. J. Schatzberg, A. F. Gudeman, J. E. Cole, J. O. Rohde, W. A. & LaBrie, R. A. (1978) Toward a biochemical classification of depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 1427–1433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, K. (1950) Klinische Psychopathologie. Stuttgart: Thieme. (Eng. transl. Clinical Psychopathology, 1959. New York: Grune and Stratton).Google Scholar
Shagass, C. Naiman, J. & Mihalik, J. (1956) An objective test which differentiates between neurotic and psychotic depression. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 75, 461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slater, E. & Cowie, V. (1971) The Genetics of Mental Disorders. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sokal, R. R. & Sneath, P. H. A. (1963) Principles of Numerical Taxonomy. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. Endicott, J. E. & Robins, E. (1978) Research Diagnostic Criteria for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders, 3rd Ed. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometric Research.Google Scholar
Stenstedt, A. (1969) Die genetischen Grundlagen bei Depressionen. In Melancholie in Forschung, Klinik und Behandlung (ed. Schulte, W. and Mende, W.), pp 10–16. Stuttgart: Tieme.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. S. Bartko, J. J. & Carpenter, W. T. (1973) The use of clustering techniques for the classification of psychiatric patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 541–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M. & Klerman, G. L. (1977) Sex differences and epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 98–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weitbrecht, H. J. (1972) Depressive und manische endogene Psychosen. In Psychiatric der Gegenwart, II, 1 (ed. Kisker, K. P. Meyer, J.-E. Müller, C. and Strömgren, E.). Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Williams, W. T. & Lambert, J. M. (1959) Multivariate methods in plant ecology, I. Journal of Ecology, 47, 83–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zerbin-Rüdin, E. (1969) Die vielschichtigen Beziehungen der endogenen Psychosen in genetischer Sicht. In Schizophrenic und Zyklothymie (ed. Huber, G.), pp 1–10. Stuttgart: Thieme.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.