This book is a reprint of a classic work of historical scholarship, which examines key figures and events in the history of French psychiatry. Although the names of Pinel, Esquirol and Charcot are well known, this volume provides a detailed picture of their intellectual, political and cultural background. It begins with the birth pangs of French psychiatry in the early days of the Revolution, when Pinel was writing his ground-breaking Traité Médico-Philosophique, and goes on to consider the rise and fall of the concept of monomania. It describes the Law of 1838, which ushered in a nation-wide asylum system, and concludes with the glory days of Charcot and his clinical demonstrations of hysteria at the Salpêtrière. This was an era when French psychiatry was pre-eminent and students came from all over Europe and America to study in Paris. The title, Console and Classify, reflects the twin origins of French psychiatry in religion and medical diagnostics. From Catholic pastoral care, clinicians adopted the concept of offering consolation and reassurance to the patient. In parallel, they also strived to develop a satisfactory classification of insanity.
The figure of Philippe Pinel is sympathetically discussed and the passages dealing with his treatment of patients are probably the most interesting in the book. Pinel's Traité of 1801 introduced a fundamental psychiatric innovation; moral treatment. In contrast to the prevailing reliance on physical measures, he emphasised methods that engaged the intellect and emotions. Pinel did not claim to be original — the English physician Francis Willis had used such methods in his treatment of King George III — but he did claim that he was the first to explain in detail the practicalities of moral treatment. Pinel's Traité was composed of ‘little stories’ or clinical anecdotes, which provided ‘shared examples of successful treatment’.
Although historians have warned against anachronistic readings of the past, many of Pinel's techniques will strike the modern clinician as very familiar. For example, he held that the ‘lunatic’ was not absolutely deprived of reason and was amenable to psychological interventions. He advocated the use of diversion and distraction in the ‘combating of delirious ideas’. Elsewhere, he used more theatrical methods, which he dubbed ‘medicine of the imagination’. He described the case of a guilt-ridden tailor who believed that he was condemned to death. Pinel staged a mock trial and ‘acquitted’ the patient, who improved, but, alas, only briefly.
Pinel's pupil, Esquirol, championed the concept of monomania, and its spectacular adoption and subsequent rejection by the psychiatric community illustrate the role of social and political factors in diagnostic fashions. Some of the stormiest debates about its validity took place in the court-room, where it was being advanced as an insanity defence, a line particularly pushed by one of Esquirol's followers, Georget. Critics responded sceptically that it merely provided a pseudo-scientific excuse for criminal behaviour. The latter part of the 19th century saw another change in nosological fashion with the re-emergence of hysteria, a diagnosis which was increasingly applied to women admitted to the Salpêtrière during the 1880s.
The book shows how psychiatric ideas seeped into general culture, for example, in the writings of Balzac, Zola and Flaubert, whose Madame Bovary was popularly perceived as the portrait of a hysteric. Partly in response to what he saw as the secular and positivist claims of psychiatry, Huysmans wrote his occult novel, Là-Bas.
Although written in the rather dry academic style favoured by many professional historians, Console and Classify deals with a crucial period in the development of psychiatry and is of great interest, both in its depiction of iconic figures from psychiatry's past and in its demonstration that many of our current ideas about mental illness were being discussed 200 years ago.
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