Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T05:38:41.096Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Comparative Study of Infantile Autism and Specific Developmental Receptive Language Disorder

II. Parental Characteristics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Antony Cox
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF
Michael Rutter
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF
Steven Newman
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF
Lawrence Bartak
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF

Extract

In his original description of children with early infantile autism, Kanner (1943) commented that the parents were usually highly intelligent and that many were rather obsessive individuals who lacked real warmth. Subsequently he elaborated on these parental features (Kanner, 1949), and together with Eisenberg went on to suggest that autism was the result of an interaction between an innate ‘organic’ defect and a particular family environment (Eisenberg and Kanner, 1956; Eisenberg, 1957).

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1975 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, J. A., DeMyer, M. K., Norton, J. A., Pontius, W. & Yang, E. (1971) Intellectuality in parents of psychotic, subnormal and normal children. J. Autism Child Schiz., 1, 311–26.Google Scholar
Anthony, J. (1958) An experimental approach to the psychopathology of childhood: autism. Brit. J. med. Psychol., 31, 211–25.Google Scholar
Bartak, L., Rutter, M. & Cox, A. (1974) A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder. I. The children. Brit. J. Psychiat., 126, 127–45.Google Scholar
Behrens, M. G. & Goldfarb, W. (1958) A study of patterns of interaction of families of schizophrenic children in residential treatment. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 28, 300312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, R. Q. (1968) A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychol. Rev., 75, 8195.Google Scholar
Bell, R. Q. (1971) Stimulus control of parent or caretaker behaviour by offspring. Develop. Psychol., 4, 6372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bene, E. (1958) A Rorschach investigation into the mothers of autistic children. Brit. J. med. Psychol., 38, 226–7.Google Scholar
Bettelheim, B. (1967) The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Block, J. (1969) Parents of schizophrenic, neurotic, asthmatic and congenitally ill children. Arch. gen. Psychiat., 20, 659–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bosch, G. (1970) Infantile Autism. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Brodman, K., Erdmann, A. J. Jr., Lorge, I. & Wolff, H. G. (1949) The Cornell Medical Index: an adjunct to medical interview. J. Amer. med. Assn., 140, 530–34.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. & Rutter, M. (1966) The measurement of family activities and relationships: A methodological study. Hum. Rel., 19, 241–63.Google Scholar
Clerk, G. (1961) Reflections on the role of the mother in the development of language in the schizophrenic child. Canad. psychiat. Assoc. J., 6, 252–6.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. (1970) The Leyton Obsessional Inventory. Psychol. Med., 1, 4864.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. E., Kendell, R. E., Gurland, B. J., Sharps, L., Copeland, J. R. M. & Simon, R. (1972) Psychiatric Diagnosis in New York and London. Maudsley Monograph No. 20. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Creak, M. & Ini, S. (1960) Families of psychotic children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 1, 156–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culpan, R. H., Davies, B. M. & Oppenheim, A. M. (1960) Incidence of psychiatric illness among hospital outpatients: An application of the Cornell Medical Index. Brit. med. J., i, 855–7.Google Scholar
DeMyer, M. K., Pontius, W., Norton, J. A., Barton, S., Allen, J. & Steele, R. (1972) Parental practices and innate activity in autistic and brain-damaged infants. J. Autism Child Schiz., 2, 4966.Google Scholar
Despert, J. L. (1951) Some considerations relating to the genesis of autistic behaviour in children. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 21, 335–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnelly, E. M. (1960) The quantitative analysis of parent behaviour towards psychotic children and their sibs. Genet. Psychol. Monog., 62, 331–76.Google Scholar
Eberhardy, F. (1967) The view from the couch. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 8, 257–64.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, L. (1957) The fathers of autistic children. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 27, 715–24.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, L. & Kanner, L. (1956) Early infantile autism. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 26, 556–66.Google Scholar
Escalona, S. (1948) Some considerations regarding psychotherapy with psychotic children. Bull. Menninger Clinic, 12, 126–34.Google Scholar
Ferster, C. B. (1966) The repertoire of the autistic child in relation to principles of reinforcement. In Methods of Research in Psychotherapy (eds. Gottschalk, L. & Auerbach, A. H.). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Fraknoi, J. & Ruttenberg, B. A. (1971) Formulation of the dynamic economic factors underlying infantile autism. J. Amer. Acad. Child Psychiat., 10, 713–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldfarb, W., Levy, D. M. & Meyers, D. I. (1966) The verbal encounter between the schizophrenic child and his mother. In Developments in Psychoanalysis at Columbia University (eds. Goldman, G. & Shapiro, D.). New York: Hefner.Google Scholar
Kanner, L. (1943) Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child., 2, 217–50.Google Scholar
Kanner, L. (1949) Problems of nosology and psychodynamics of early infantile autism. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19, 416–26.Google Scholar
Kanner, L. (1954) To what extent is early infantile autism determined by constitutional inadequacies? Proc. Assoc. Res. new. ment. Dis., 33, 378–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Klebanoff, L. B. (1959) Parental attitudes of mothers of schizophrenic, brain injured and retarded, and normal children. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 29, 445–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Kolvin, I. (1971) Psychosis in childhood: a comparative study. In Infantile Autism: Concepts, Characteristics and Treatment (ed. Rutter, M.). London: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Kolvin, I. Garside, R. F. & Kidd, J. S. (1971a) Studies in the childhood psychoses. IV. Parental personality and attitude and childhood psychoses. Brit. J. Psychiat., 118, 403406.Google Scholar
Kolvin, I. Ounsted, C., Richardson, L. M. & Garside, R. F. (1971b) Studies in the childhood psychoses. III. The family and social background in childhood psychoses. Brit. J. Psychiat., 118, 396402.Google Scholar
Lotter, V. (1967) Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children. Soc. Psychiat., 1, 163–73.Google Scholar
Meyer, R. G. & Karon, B. P. (1967) The schizophrenic mother concept and the T.A.T. Psychiatry, 30, 173–9.Google Scholar
Meyers, D. & Goldfarb, W. (1961) Studies of perplexity in mothers of schizophrenic children. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 31, 551–61.Google Scholar
Meyers, D. & Goldfarb, W. (1962) Psychiatric appraisals of parents and siblings of schizophrenic children. Amer. J. Psychiat., 118, 902908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogdon, D. P., Bass, C. L., Thomas, E. R. & Lordi, W. (1968) Parents of autistic children. Amer. J. Ortho-psychiat., 38, 653–8.Google Scholar
O'Gorman, C. (1970) The Nature of Childhood Autism. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Ounsted, C. (1970) A biological approach to autistic and hyperkinetic syndromes. In Modern Trends in Paediatrics (ed. Apley, J.). London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Pitfield, M. & Oppenheim, A. N. (1964) Child rearing attitudes of mothers of psychotic children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 5, 51–7.Google Scholar
Rank, B. (1949) Adaptation of the psychoanalytic technique for the treatment of young children with atypical development. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19, 130–39.Google Scholar
Rimland, B. (1964) Infantile Autism. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Ritvo, E. R., Cantwell, D., Johnson, E., Clements, M., Benbrook, F., Slagle, S., Keky, P. & Ritz, M. (1971) Social class factor in autism. J. Autism Child Schiz., 1, 297310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robson, K. (1967) The role of eye to eye gaze contact in maternal infant attachment. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 8, 1325.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1967) Psychotic disorders in early childhood. In Recent Developments in Schizophrenia (eds. Coppen, A. J. & Walk, W.). Brit. J. Psychiat. (Spec. Pub.).Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1968) Concepts of autism: A review of research. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 9, 125.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1970) Autistic children: infancy to adulthood. Seminars Psychiat., 2, 435–50.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1971) The description and classification of infantile autism. In Infantile Autism. Proceedings of the Indiana University Colloquium (eds. Churchill, D. W., Alpern, G. D. & DeMyer, M. K.). Springfield, Ill.: Chas. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1972a) Childhood schizophrenia reconsidered. J. Autism Child Schiz., 2, 315–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. (1972b) Psychiatric causes of language retardation. In The Child with Delayed Speech (eds. Rutter, M. & Martin, J. A. M.). Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 43. London: Heineman/S.I.M.P. Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1973) Why are London children so disturbed? Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 66, 1221–5.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1974) The development of infantile autism. Psychol. Med. 4, 147–63.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. & Brown, G. W. (1966) The reliability and validity of measures of family life and relationships in families containing a psychiatric patient. Soc. Psychiat., 1, 3853.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. Greenfeld, D. & Lockyer, L. (1967) A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis. II. Social and behavioural outcome. Brit. J. Psychiat., 113, 1183–99.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. & Mittler, P. (1972) Environmental influences on language development. In The Child with Delayed Speech (eds. Rutter, M. & Martin, J. A. M.). Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 43. London: Heinemann/S.I.M.P. Google Scholar
Schopler, E. & Loftin, J. (1969a) Thinking disorders in parents of young psychotic children. J. abn. Psychol., 74, 281–7.Google Scholar
Schopler, E. & Loftin, J. (1969b) Thought disorders in parents of psychotic children. Arch. gen. Psychiat., 20, 174–18.Google Scholar
Shepherd, M., Cooper, B., Brown, A. C. & Kalton, G. (1966) Psychiatric Illness in General Practice. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Singer, M. T. & Wynne, L. C. (1963) Differentiating characteristics of parents of childhood schizophrenics, childhood neurotics and young adult schizophrenics. Amer. J. Psychiat., 120, 234–43.Google Scholar
Szurek, S. A. (1956) Psychotic episodes and psychotic maldevelopment. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 26, 519–43.Google Scholar
Tinbergen, E. A. & Tinbergen, N. (1972) Early childhood autism: an ethological approach. J. comp. Ethol., Suppl. 10.Google Scholar
Treffert, D. A. (1970) Epidemiology of infantile autism. Arch. gen. Psychiat., 22, 431–8.Google Scholar
Tustin, F. (1972) Autism and Childhood Psychosis. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Van Krevelen, D. A. (1963) On the relationship between early infantile autism and autistic psychopathy. Acta Paedopsychiat., 30, 303–23.Google Scholar
Van Krevelen, D. A. (1971) Early infantile autism and autistic psychopathy. J. Autism Child Schiz., 1, 82–6.Google Scholar
Ward, A. J. (1970) Early infantile autism: diagnosis, etiology and treatment. Psychol. Bull., 73, 350–62.Google Scholar
Zaslow, R. W. & Breger, L. (1969) A theory and treatment of autism. In Clinical-Cognitive Psychology (ed. Breger, L.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.