Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T17:16:54.501Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Attainment and Adjustment in Two Geographical Areas

III—Some Factors Accounting for Area Differences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Michael Rutter ,
Bridget Yule ,
David Quinton ,
Olwen Rowlands ,
William Yule  and
Michael Berger
Michael Rutter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology
Bridget Yule
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology
David Quinton
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology
Olwen Rowlands
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology
William Yule
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology
Michael Berger
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Large differences have been found between the Isle of Wight (IOW) and a (former) inner London borough (ILB) with respect to the rates of emotional (neurotic) disorders, conduct disorders and specific reading retardation in ten-year-old boys and girls (Rutter et al., 1975; Berger et al., 1975). This paper presents preliminary considerations on possible reasons for these differences. Any explanation must account for the fact that the differences in the rates apply to three rather disparate disorders. The epidemiological characteristics and psychosocial correlates of emotional disorders in childhood differ quite markedly from those of conduct disorders, and it appears highly likely that the causes of the two disorders are different (Rutter, 1965, 1970a; Rutter, Tizard and Whitmore, 1970). Although specific reading retardation overlaps markedly with conduct disorders, to a considerable extent it seems to have a separate set of aetiological influences (Rutter and Yule, 1973). Furthermore, there is little association between specific reading retardation and emotional disorder in childhood. It is also notable that the higher rates of disorder in London compared with the Isle of Wight apply just as much to girls as to boys, in spite of the marked differences between the two sexes in the correlates of psychiatric disorder (Rutter, 1970b).

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 126 , Issue 6 , June 1975 , pp. 520 - 533
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1975 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Berger, M. (1972) Modifying behaviour at school. Special Educ., 61, No. 2, 18–21 Google Scholar
Berger, M., Yule, W. & Rutter, M. (1975) Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas. II. The prevalence of specific reading retardation. Brit. J. Psychiat., 126, 510–19.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. & Rutter, M. (1966) The measurement of family activities and relationships: a methodological study. Human Relations, 19, 241–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, C. (1925) The Young Delinquent. London: Univ. of London Press.Google Scholar
Clegg, A. & Megson, B. (1968) Children in Distress. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Davie, R., Butler, N. & Goldstein, H. (1972) From Birth to Seven. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Douglas, J. (1964) The Home and the School. London: MacGibben & Kee.Google Scholar
Ferguson, T. (1952) The Young Delinquent in his Social Setting. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gath, D., Cooper, B. & Gattoni, F. E. G. (1972) Preliminary Communication: Child guidance and delinquency in a London Borough. Psychol. Med., 2, 185–91.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, D. H. (1967) Social Relations in a Secondary School. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Hillam, S. M., James, D. S. & Tonge, M. C. (1975) Families Without Hope. A Study of 33 Problem Families. British Journal of Psychiatry Special Publication No. 11. In press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1960) Power assertion by the parent and its impact on the child. Child Develop., 31, 129–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Home Office (1970) Children in Care in England and Wales. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Inner London Education Authority (1973) Literacy Survey: Children's Behaviour at School. Google Scholar
Little, A., Mabey, C. & Russell, J. (1971) Do small classes help a pupil? New Society, 18, 769–71.Google Scholar
Lynch, C W. & Oddy, D. J. (1967) Are children of the under-paid under-fed? Med. Officer, 117, 353–4.Google Scholar
McCord, W. & McCord, J. (1959) Origins of Crime. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Power, M. J., Benn, R. T. & Morris, J. N. (1972) Neighbourhood, school and juveniles before the courts. Brit. J, Criminol., 12, 111–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Registrar General (1960–1962) Statistical Review of England and Wales for the years 1958, 1959 and 1960. Part 1: Tables, Medical. London: H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. & Lewis, R. G. (1966) The role of the antisocial family in school completion and delinquency. A three-generation study. Sociology Quart., 7, 500–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, W. S. (1950) Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. Amer. Soc. Rev., 15, 351–7.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1965) Classification and categorization in child psychiatry. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 6, 71–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M. (1966) Children of Sick Parents: An Environmental and Psychiatric Study. Maudsley Monographs No. 16. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1970a) Psychosocial disorders in childhood and their outcome in adult life. J. Roy. Coll. Phycns. Lond., 4, 211–18.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1970b) Sex differences in children's responses to family stress. In The Child and His Family (eds. Anthony, E.J. & Koupernik, C.). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1971) Parent-child separation: psychological effects on the children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 12, 233–60.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1972) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. & Brown, G. W. (1966) The reliability and validity of measures of family life and relationships in families containing a psychiatric patient. Social Psychiat., 1, 38–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M. Cox, A., Tupling, C., Berger, M. & Yule, W. (1975) Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas. I. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder. Brit. J. Psychiat., 000, 000–00.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. & Chadwick, O. F. D. (In preparation.) Google Scholar
Rutter, M. Graham, P. & Yule, W. (1970) A Neuropsychiatrie Study in Childhood. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, 35–6. London: Heinemann/S.I.M.P.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Tizard, J. & Whitmore, K., (eds.) (1970) Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. & Yule, W. (1973) Specific Reading Retardation. In The First Review of Special Education (eds. Mann, L. & Sabatino, D.). Philadelphia: Buttonwood Farms, Inc.Google Scholar
Schaffer, H. & Schaffer, E. B. (1968) Child Care and the Family. Occasional Papers on Social Administration No. 25. London: Bell.Google Scholar
Schulsinger, F. (1972) Psychopathy: heredity and environment. Int. J. ment. Health, 1, 190–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, J. (1954) Personality differences and neurotic traits in normal twin school children. Eugen. Rev., 45, 213–46.Google Scholar
Shields, J. (1968) Psychiatric genetics. In Studies in Psychiatry (eds. Shepherd, M. & Davies, D. L.). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shields, J. (1973) Heredity and psychological abnormality. In Handbook of Abnormal Psychology, 2nd editn. (ed. Eysenc'k, H. J.). London: Pitman Medical.Google Scholar
Sturge, C. (1972) Reading retardation and antisocial behaviour. M.Phil. Thesis, University Tof London.Google Scholar
Wallis, C. P. & Maliphant, R. (1967) Delinquent areas in the County of London: ecological factors. Brit. J. Criminol., 7, 250–84.Google Scholar
West, D. J. (1967) The Young Offender. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Wilson, H. C. (1962) Delinquency and Child Neglect. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Wolkind, S. & Rutter, M. (1973) Children who have been ‘in care’: an epidemiological study. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 14, 95–105.Google Scholar
Yule, W., Berger, M., Rutter, R. & Yule, B. (1975) Children of West Indian immigrants. II. Intellectual performance and reading attainment. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 16, No. 1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yule, W., & Raynes, N. V. (1972) Behavioural characteristics of children in residential care in relation to indices of separation. J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 13, 249–58.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.