Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:07:20.991Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Treatment Adherence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Barry Blackwell
Barry Blackwell*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry; Professor, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45431, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

A large part of medical practice is complicated by two problems; the degree to which treatments are specific (the placebo problem) and the extent to which they are implemented (the adherence problem). Depending on setting and circumstance, up to half of the benefits of treatment are either non-specific or never obtained. This review considers the problem of adherence in the context of use of medication in psychiatry.

Type
Review Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 129 , Issue 6 , December 1976 , pp. 513 - 531
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1976 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R. G., Capel, W. C., Bloom, W. A. & Stewart, G. T. (1971) Heroin addicts on methadone replacement: a study of dropouts. International Journal of the Addictions, 6, (2), 269–77.Google Scholar
Adler, L. M., Goin, M. & Yamamoto, J. (1963) Failed psychiatric clinic appointments. California Medicine, 99, 388–92Google ScholarPubMed
Ascione, F. & Ravin, R. (1975) Physician attitudes regarding patients' knowledge of prescribed medications. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, NS15, 386–91.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. M. (1971) AMA and AWOL discharges: A six-year comparative study. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 22, 293–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Bakker, C. B. & Dightman, C. R. (1964) Psychological factors in fertility control. Fertility and Sterility, 15, 559–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, M. H. (1974) The health belief model and personal health behaviour. Health Education Monographs, 2, 236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackwell, B. (1972) Commentary—the drug defaulter. Clinical Pharmacology and Thereapeutics, 13, 841–8.Google Scholar
Blackwell, B. (1973a) Drug therapy: patient compliance. New England Journal of Medicine, 289, (5), 249–52.Google Scholar
Blackwell, B. (1973b) Drug deviation in psychiatric patients. In The Future of Psychopharmacotherapy: New Drug Delivery Systems, Ayd, F. J. (Ed.). Baltimore: International Drug Therapy Newsletter.Google Scholar
Blackwell, B. (1973c) Rational drug use in psychiatry. Chapter 13 in Rational Psychopharmacotherapy and the Right to Treatment, Ayd, F. J. (Ed.) Baltimore: Ayd Medical Communication.Google Scholar
Blackwell, B. (1976) Treatment adherence in hypertension. American Journal of Pharmacy. (In press.)Google Scholar
Boyd, J. R., Covington, T. R., Stanaszek, W. F., & Coussons, R. T. (1974) Drug defaulting. II. Analysis of noncompliance patterns. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 31, (5), 485–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Briggs, W. A., Lowenthal, D. T., Cirksena, W. J., Price, W., Gibson, T. T. & Flamenbaum, W. (1975) Propranolol in hypertensive dialysis patients: efficacy and compliance. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 18, (5, part 1), 606–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, B. S. & Brewster, G. W. (1973) A comparison of addict-clients retained and lost to treatment. International Journal of the Addictions, 8, (3), 421–6.Google Scholar
Bumpass, E. R., Via, B. M., Forgotson, J. H. & Fagelman, F. D. (1974) Graphs to facilitate the formation of a therapeutic alliance. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 28, (4), 500–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caffey, E. M., Diamond, L. S., Frank, T. V., Grasberger, J. C., Herman, L., Klett, C. & Rothstein, C. (1964) Discontinuation or reduction of chemotherapy in chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 17, 347–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, J. E. & Whittenbaugh, J. A. (1968) Volunteer and nonvolunteer characteristics in an outpatient population. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 73, 16–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clintte, J. & Kabat, H. (1969) Prescribed drugs … errors during self-administration. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, NS9, 450.Google Scholar
Cuskey, W. R., Chambers, C. D. & Weiland, W. F. (1971) Predicting attrition during the out-patient detoxification of narcotic addicts. Medical Care, 9, 108–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M. S. (1967) Predicting non-compliant behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 8, 265–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deykin, E., Weissman, M., Tanner, J. & Trusoff, B. (1975) Participation in therapy: A study of attendance patterns in depressed out-patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 160, (1), 42–8.Google Scholar
Esser, A. H., Kline, N. S. & Vestergaard, P. (1969) Custom-packed once-a-day medication with barium sulphate tracer for use in drug research. Physician's Drug Manual, 1, 86–8.Google Scholar
Ewalt, P. L., Cohen, M. & Harmatz, J. S. (1972) Prediction of treatment acceptance by child guidance clinic applicants: An easily applied instrument. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 42, (5), 857–64.Google Scholar
Ferebee, S. H. (1964) The schizophrenic and oral medication. Lancet, ii, 147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiester, A. R., Mahrer, A. R., Giambra, L. M. & Ormiston, D. W. (1974) Shaping a clinic population: The dropout problem reconsidered. Community Mental Health Journal, 10, (2), 173–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finnerty, F. A., Mattie, E. C. & finnerty, F. A. (1973) Hypertension in the inner city. I. Analysis of clinical dropouts. Circulation, XLVII: 73–5.Google Scholar
Forrest, F. M., Forrest, I. S. & Mason, A. S. (1961) Review of rapid urine tests for phenothiazine and related drugs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 300–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forrest, F. M., Geiter, C. W., Snow, H. L. & Steinbach, M. (1964) Drug maintenance problems of rehabilitated mental patients: The current drug dosage ‘merry-go-round’. American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 33–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, V., Korsch, B. M. & Morris, M. J. (1969) Gaps in doctor-patient communication. New England Journal of Medicine, 280, 535–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, H. (1973) Long-acting neuroleptics and their place in community mental health services in the United Kingdom. In The Future of Pharmacotherapy: New Drug Delivery Systems, Ayd, F. J. (Ed.). Baltimore: Ayd Medical Communication.Google Scholar
Gatley, M. S. (1968) To be taken as directed. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 16, 39–44.Google Scholar
Gillum, R. F., Barsku, A. J. (1974) Diagnosis and management of patient non-compliance. Journal of the American Medical Association, 223 (12), 1563–7.Google Scholar
Glick, B. S. (1965) Dropout in an outpatient, double-blind drug study. Psychosomatics, 6, 44–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, R. L., Paulson, I. & Daniels-Epps, L. (1970) Patients who flirt with treatment: The silent population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 166–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hare, E. H. & Willcox, D. R. C. (1967) Do psychiatric inpatients take their pills? British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 1435–9.Google Scholar
Harris, P. G. (1976) Patient acceptance as a factor in the effectiveness of treatment: An open assessment of potassium chlorazepate (‘Tranxene’) and lorazepam in anxiety. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2, (10), 664–8.Google Scholar
Hartshorne, H. & May, M. A. (1928) Studies in Deceit. New York: The MacMillan Company.Google Scholar
Haynes, R. B. & Sackett, D. L. (1976) An annotated bibliography on the compliance of patients with therapeutic regimens. Appendix I. In: With Therapeutic Regimens. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (pp 193–279).Google Scholar
Heine, R. W. & Trosman, H. (1960) Initial expectations of the doctor-patient interaction as a factor in continuance in psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 23, 275–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermann, F. (1973) The outpatient prescription label as a source of medication errors. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 30, 155–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Hoenig, F. & Ragg, N. (1966) The non-attending psychiatric out-patient: An administrative problem. Medical Care, 4, 96–100.Google Scholar
Hogarty, G. E. & Goldberg, S. C. and the Collaborative Study Group. (1973) Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of the schizophrenic patients. One-year relapse rates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 54–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, K., Rickels, K., Mock, J. E., Lipman, R. S., Covi, L. & Baumm, N. C. (1970) Therapeutic style and attrition rate from psychiatric drug treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 150, 102–10.Google Scholar
Hughes, J. S. & Little, J. C. (1967) An appraisal of the continuing practice of prescribing tranquilizing drugs for long-stay psychiatric patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 867–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irwin, D. S., Weitzell, W. D., & Morgan, D. W. (1971) Phenothiazine intake and staff attitudes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 1631–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, D. A. W. & Freeman, H. (1972) Long-acting tranquillizers. Practitioner, 208, 395–400.Google Scholar
Joubert, P. & Lasagna, L. (1975) Patient package inserts. I. Nature, notions and needs. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 18, (5), 507–13.Google Scholar
Kidd, A. H. & Euphrat, J. L. (1971) Why prospective outpatients fail to make or keep appointments. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 394–5.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kline, J. & King, M. (1973) Treatment dropouts from a community mental health center. Community Mental Health Journal, 9, (4), 354–60.Google Scholar
Krakowski, M. & Smart, R. G. (1974) Social and psychological characteristics of heroin addicts dropping out of methadone treatment. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 19, (1), 41–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krebs, R. (1971) Using attendance as a means of evaluating community mental health programs. Community Mental Health Journal, 7, (1), 72–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupst, M. J., Dresser, K., Schulman, J. L. & Milton, H. P. (1975) Evaluation of methods to improve communication in the physician-patient relationship. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 45, (3), 420–9.Google Scholar
Leventhal, H. (1971) Fear appeals and persuasion: the differentiation of a motivational construct. American Journal of Public Health, 61 (6), 1208–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linkewich, J. A., Catalano, R. B. & Flack, H. L. (1974) The effect of packaging and instruction on outpatient compliance with medication regimens. Drug Intelligence in Clinical Pharmacy, 8, 10–15.Google Scholar
Linz, H. L. (1964) Verleichende Psychiatrie. Eine Studie über die Beziehung von Kultur, Sociologie and Psychopathologie. Vienna: Wilhelm Mandrich Verlag.Google Scholar
Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., Park, L. C. & Fisher, S. (1965) Neurotics who fail to take their drugs. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 1043–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maddock, R. K. (1967) Patient cooperation in taking medicines. Journal of the American Medical Association, 199, 169–72.Google Scholar
Malahy, B. (1966) The effect of instruction and labeling on the number of medication errors made by patients at home. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacology, 23, 283–92.Google Scholar
Mason, A. S., Forrest, I. S., Forrest, F. M. & Butler, H. (1963) Adherence to maintenance therapy and rehospitalization. Diseases of the Nervous System, 24, 103–4.Google Scholar
Mayer, T. C. (1969) Drug defaulting in general practice. British Medical Journal, i, 783.Google Scholar
Mazzullo, J. V., Lasagna, L. & Grinar, P. F. (1974) Variations in interpretation of prescription instructions: The need for improved prescribing habits. Journal of the American Medical Association, 227, 929–31.Google ScholarPubMed
McCabe, O. L., Kurland, A. A., & sulivan, D. (1974). A study of methadone failures in an abstinence program. International Journal of the Addictions, 9, (5), 731–40.Google Scholar
McClellan, T. A. & Cowan, G. (1970) Use of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs by chronically ill patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 113–15.Google Scholar
McKenny, J. M. (1976) The pharmacist's role in patient counselling. Unpublished paper presented to the First International Congress on Patient Counselling. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
McKenny, J. M. Slining, J. M., Henderson, H. R., Devins, D. & Barr, M. (1973) The effect of clinical pharmacy services on patients with essential hypertension. Circulation, 48, 1104–11.Google Scholar
Mechanic, D. & Volkart, E. H. (1961) Stress, illness behavior and the sick role. American Social Review, 26, 51–8.Google Scholar
Mester, R. (1972) Psychiatrists' reactions to their patients' refusal of drugs. Israel Annals of Psychiatry and Related Disciplines, 10, (4), 373–81.Google ScholarPubMed
Michaux, M. W. (1961) Side effects, resistance and dosage deviations in psychiatric outpatients treated with tranquilizers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 133, 203–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Moulding, T. (1961) Preliminary study of the pill calendar as a method of improving the self-administration of drugs. American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 84, 284–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Neve, H. K. (1958) Demonstration of Largactil (chlorpromazine hydrochloride) in the urine. Journal of Mental Science, 104, 488–90.Google Scholar
Nicholson, W. A. (1967) Collection of unwanted drugs from private homes. British Medical Journal, iii, 730.Google Scholar
Orford, J. (1974) Simplistic thinking about other people as a predictor of early dropout at an alcoholism halfway house. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 47, (1), 53–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pam, A., Rachlin, S., Bryskin, L. & Rosenblatt, A. (1973) Community adjustment of self-discharged patients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 47, (2), 175–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, L. C. & Lipman, R. S. (1964) A comparison of patient dosage deviation reports pill counts. Psychopharmacologia, 6, 299–302.Google Scholar
Parkes, C. M., Brown, G. W. & Monck, E. M. (1962) The general practitioner and the schizophrenic patient. British Medical Journal, ii, 972–6.Google Scholar
Parsons, T. (1951) Illness and the role of the physician: A sociological perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 21, 452.Google Scholar
Pollack, B. (1958) The validity of the Forrest Reagent Test for the detection of chlorpromazine or other phenothiazines in the urine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 77–8.Google Scholar
Pomerleau, O., Luborsky, L., & Houghs, G. (1975) Behavior modification offers promise in management of hypertension. Hypertension, 1 (6), 7–32.Google Scholar
Porter, A. M. W. (1969) Drug defaulting in a general practice. British Medical Journal, i, 218–22.Google Scholar
Pothier, P. E. (1975) Patient compliance in therapy—bibliography. National Library of Medicine.Google Scholar
Raskin, A. A. (1961) A comparison of acceptors and resistors of drug treatment as an adjunct to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 25, 366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raynes, A. E. & Patch, V. D. (1973) Attrition at referral among heroin addicts. International Journal of the Addictions, 8 (5), 839–46.Google Scholar
Raynes, A. E. & Warren, G. (1971) Some characteristics of ‘drop-outs’ at first contact with a psychiatric clinic. Community Mental Health Journal, 7, (2), 144–50.Google Scholar
Renton, C. A., Affleck, J. W., Carstairs, G. M. & Forrest, A. D. (1963) A follow-up of schizophrenic patients in Edinburgh. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 39, 548–600.Google Scholar
Reynolds, E., Joyce, C. R. B., Swift, J. L., Tooley, P. H. & Weatherall, M. (1965) Psychological and clinical investigation of the treatment of anxious outpatients with three barbiturates and placebo. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 84–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, A. D. (1964) Attitude and drug acceptance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 46–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rickels, K. (1968) Non-specific Factors in Drug Therapy. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Rickels, K., Boren, R. & Stuart, H. M. (1964) Controlled psychopharmacological research in general practice. Journal of New Drugs, 4, 138–47.Google Scholar
Rickels, K. & Briscoe, E. (1970) Assessment of dosage deviation in out-patient drug research. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and New Drugs, 10, 153–60.Google Scholar
Rickels, K. Raab, E., Gordon, P. E., Laquer, K. G., DeSilverio, R. V. & Hesbacher, P. (1968) Differential effects of chlordiazepoxide and fluphenazine in two anxious patient populations. Psychopharmacologia, 12, 181–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robin, A. A. & Freeman-Browne, D. L. (1968) Drugs left at home by psychiatric in-patients. British Medical Journal, iii, 424–5.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, S. G. (1976) Patient education. Unpublished paper presented to the First International Congress on Patient Counselling. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, S. G. Davidson, G. E. & Patch, V. D. (1972) Patterns of dropouts from a methadone program for narcotic addicts. International Journal of the Addictions, 7, (3), 415–25.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, S. G. & Raynes, A. E. (1973) Dropouts from treatment. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 18, (3), 229–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sackett, D., Haynes, R., Gibson, E., Taylor, D. W., Johnson, A. L., Hackett, G. C. & Roberts, R. S. (1975) Randomized clinical trial of strategies for improving medication compliance in primary hypertension. Lancet, i, 1205.Google Scholar
Scarpatti, F. R., Lefton, M., Dinttz, S. & Pasamanick, B. (1964) Problems in a home care study for drugs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 143–54.Google Scholar
Schwartz, D., Wang, M., Zeitz, L., Goss, M. E. W. (1962) Medication errors made by elderly, chronically ill patients. American Journal of Public Health, 52, 2018–29.Google Scholar
Scott, C. W. (1960) The dynamics of Psychiatric Therapy, Sarwerfoner, G. H. (ed.). Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, p. 319.Google Scholar
Seeman, M. V. (1974) Patients who abandon psychotherapy: Why and when. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, (4): 486–91.Google Scholar
Shapiro, R. J. (1974) Therapist attitudes and premature termination in family and individual therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 159, (2), 101–7.Google Scholar
Sprogis, G. R., Lezdina, V., White, S. D., Ming, C., Lanning, M., Drake, M. E. & Wyckhoff, G. (1957) A comparative study on Thorazine and Serpasil in the mental defective. American Journal of Mental Deficiencies, 61, 737.Google Scholar
Stimson, G. V. (1974) Obeying doctor's orders: a view from the other side. Social Science and Medicine, 8, (2), 97–104.Google Scholar
Tapp, J. T., Slaikeu, K. A., Tulkin, S. R. (1974) Toward an evaluation of telephone counseling. Process and technical variables influencing ‘shows’ and ‘no-shows’ for a clinic referral. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2, (4), 357–64.Google Scholar
Uhlenhuth, E. H., Park, L. C., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Fisher, S., & Moek, J. (1965) Dosage deviation and drug effects in drug trials. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 141, 95–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaisrub, S. (1975) You can lead a horse to water. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234 (1), 80–1.Google Scholar
Van Putten, T. (1975) Why do patients with manicdepressive illness stop their lithium? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 16, (2), 179–83.Google Scholar
Wikler, L. & Stoycheff, J. (1974) Parental compliance with postdischarge recommendations for retarded children. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 25, (9), 595–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilber, J. A. & Barrow, J. G. (1969) Reducing elevated blood pressure: experience found in a community. Minnesota Medicine, 52, 1303–5.Google Scholar
Willcox, D. R. C., Gillan, R. & Hare, E.H. (1965) Do psychiatric out-patients take their drugs? British Medical Journal, ii, 790–2.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. D. & Enoch, M. D. (1967) Estimation of drug rejection by schizophrenic in-patients, with analysis of clinical factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 209–11.Google Scholar
Wooley, S. C., Blackwell, B. (1975) A behavioral probe into social contingencies on a psychosomatic ward. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 8, (3), 337.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.