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A Study of Psychodynamic Changes in Untreated Neurotic Patients

I. Improvements that are questionable on dynamic criteria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

D. H. Malan ,
H. A. Bacal ,
E. S. Heath  and
F. H. G. Balfour
D. H. Malan
Affiliation:
Tavistock Clinic, London, N. W.3 Associate Members, British Psycho-Analytic Society
H. A. Bacal
Affiliation:
Tavistock Clinic, London, N. W.3 Associate Members, British Psycho-Analytic Society
E. S. Heath
Affiliation:
Tavistock Clinic, London, N. W.3 Associate Members, British Psycho-Analytic Society
F. H. G. Balfour
Affiliation:
Tavistock Clinic, London, N. W.3 Associate Members, British Psycho-Analytic Society
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Abstract

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Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 114 , Issue 510 , May 1968 , pp. 525 - 551
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1968 

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References

Bibliography

Balint, M. (1957). The Doctor, his Patient and the Illness. London: Pitman. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Barron, F., and Leary, T. F. (1955). “Changes in psychoneurotic patients with and without psychotherapy.” J. cons. Psychol., 19, 239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brill, N. Q. (1966). “Results of psychotherapy.” Calif. Med., 104, 249.Google Scholar
Cremerius, J. (1962). “Die Beurteilung des Behandlungserfolges in der Psychotherapie.” Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Heft 99. Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Denker, P. G. (1946). “Results of the treatment of psychoneurosis by the general practitioner.” N.Y. State J. Med., 46, 2164.Google ScholarPubMed
Endicott, N. A., and Endicott, J. (1963). “‘Improvement’ in untreated psychiatric patients.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 9, 575.Google Scholar
Endicott, N. A., and Endicott, J. (1963). “Changes in psychiatric patients with and without psychotherapy.” Psychother. In press.Google Scholar
Ernst, K. (1959). “Die Prognose der Neurosen.” Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Heft 85. Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1952). “The effects of psychotherapy, an evaluation.” J. cons. Psychol., 16, 319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1960). Handbook of Abnormal Psychology. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Giel, R., Knox, R. S., and Carstairs, G. M. (1964). “A five-year follow-up of 100 neurotic out-patients.” Brit. med. J., 2, 160.Google Scholar
Hathaway, S. R., and McKinley, J. C. (1940). “A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota): I. Construction of the schedule.” J. Psychol., 10, 249.Google Scholar
Hathaway, S. R., and McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. New York: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Knight, R. F. (1941). “Evaluation of the results of psychoanalytic therapy.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 98, 434.Google Scholar
Landis, C. (1938). “Statistical evaluation of psychotherapeutic methods.” In: Concepts and Problems of Psychotherapy (ed. Kinsie, S. E.), pp. 155–165. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. (1936). “Problems of obsessional illness.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 29, 325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luborsky, L. (1962). “Clinicians' judgments of mental health.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 7, 407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malan, D. H. (1959). “On assessing the results of psychotherapy.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 32, 86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malan, D. H. (1963). A Study of Brief Psychotherapy. London: Tavistock. Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Miles, H., Barrabee, E., and Finesinger, J. (1951). “Evaluation of psychotherapy.” Psychosom. Med., 13, 82.Google Scholar
Müller, C. (1953). “Vorläufige Mitteilung zur langen Katamnese der Zwangskranken.” Nervenarzt., 24, 112.Google Scholar
Müller, C. (1957). “Weitere Beobachtungen zum Verlauf der Zwangskrankheit.” Psychiatria Neurol., 133, 80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, C. R., and Dymond, F. (1954). Psychotherapy and Personality Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Saslow, G., and Peters, A. (1956). “A follow-up study of ‘untreated’ patients with various behaviour disorders.” Psychiat. Quart., 30, 283.Google Scholar
Shlien, J. M., Mosak, H. H., and Dreikurs, R. (1962). “Effect of time limits: A comparison of two psychotherapies.” J. counseling Psychol., 9, 31.Google Scholar
Stephenson, W. (1953). The Study of Behavior: Q-Technique and its Methodology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stone, A. R., Frank, J. D., Nash, E. H., and Imber, S. D. (1961). “An intensive five-year follow-up study of treated psychiatric out-patients.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 133, 410.Google Scholar
Voth, H. M., Modlin, H. C., and Orth, M. H. (1962). “Situational variables in the assessment of psychotherapeutic results.” Bull. Menninger Clinic, 26, 73.Google Scholar
Wallace, H. E. R., and Whyte, M. B. H. (1959). “Natural history of the psychoneuroses.” Brit. med. J., 1, 144.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, R. S., Robbins, L. L., Sargent, H. D., and Luborsky, L. (1956). “The psychotherapy project of the Menninger Foundation.” Bull. Menninger Clinic, 20, 221.Google Scholar
Dymond, R. F. (1955). “Adjustment changes in the absence of psychotherapy.” J. counseling Psychol., 19, 103.Google Scholar
Frank, J. D., Nash, E. H., Stone, A. R., and Imber, S. D. (1963). “Immediate and long-term symptomatic course of psychiatric out-patients.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 120, 429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, A. P. (1960). “Patients' expectancies and non-specific therapy as a basis for (un)spontaneous remission.” J. clin. Psychol., 16, 399.Google Scholar
Stevenson, I. (1961). “Processes of ‘spontaneous’ recovery from the psychoneuroses.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 117, 1057.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. M. (1955). “Changes in the self-concept without psychotherapy.” J. cons. Psychol., 19, 205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brill, N. Q., and Beebe, G. W. (1955). “A follow-up study of war neuroses.” V. A. Medical Monograph.Google Scholar
Chappell, M. N., and Stevenson, T. I. (1936). “Group psychological training in some organic conditions.” Ment. Hyg., 20, 588.Google Scholar
Fairweather, G. W., Simon, R., Gebhard, E., Weingarten, E., Holland, J. L., Sanders, R., Stone, G. B., and Reahl, J. E. (1960). “Relative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic programs: A multicriteria comparison of four programs for three different patient groups.” Psychol. Monogr., 74, No. 5. (whole no. 492).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellner, R. (1964). “The efficacy of psychotherapy: The results of some controlled investigations.” Unpublished paper read at the 6th International Congress of Psychotherapy, London.Google Scholar
Teuber, H. L., and Powers, E. (1953). “Evaluating therapy in a delinquency prevention program.” Res. Publs. Ass. Res. nerv. ment. Dis., 31, 138.Google Scholar
Bond, E. D., and Braceland, F. J. (1937). “Prognosis in mental disease: Use of one-page abstracts.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 94, 263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comroe, B. E. (1936). “Follow-up study of 100 patients diagnosed as ‘neurosis’.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 83, 679.Google Scholar
Grimshaw, L. (1965). “The outcome of obsessional disorder: A follow-up study of 100 cases.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 1051.Google Scholar
Hastings, D. W. (1958). “Follow-up results in psychiatric illness.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 114, 1057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, W. L., and Holt, W. M. (1952). “Long-term prognosis in mental illness: A 30-year follow-up of 141 mental patients.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 108, 735.Google Scholar
Ingram, I. M. “Obsessional illness in mental hospital patients.” J. ment. Sci., 107, 382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kringlen, E. (1965). “Obsessional neurosis: a long-term follow-up.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 709.Google Scholar
Ljungberg, L. (1957). “Hysteria: A clinical prognostic and genetic study.” Acta psychiat. neurol. Scand., Supplement 112.Google ScholarPubMed
Pollitt, J. (1957). “Natural history of obsessional states: A study of 150 cases.” Brit. med. J., 1, 194.Google Scholar
Rüdin, E. (1953). “Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Zwangskrankheit, insbesondere ihrer hereditären Beziehungen.” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 191, 14.Google Scholar
Terhune, W. B. (1949). “The phobic syndrome (a study of 86 patients with phobic reactions).” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 62, 162.Google Scholar
Ziegler, L. H., and Heershema, P. H. (1942). “A follow-up study of 111 non-hospitalized depressed patients after 14 years.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 99, 813.Google Scholar
Bergin, A. E. (1963). “The effects of psychotherapy: negative results revisited.” J. counseling Psychol., 10, 244.Google Scholar
Browne, S. E. (1964). “Short psychotherapy with passive patients.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 233.Google Scholar
Cartwright, D. S. (1955). “Effectiveness of psychotherapy: a critique of the spontaneous remission argument.” J. counseling Psychol., 2, 290.Google Scholar
Cartwright, D. W. (1956). “Note on ‘Changes in psychoneurotic patients with and without psychotherapy’.” J. cons. Psychol., 20, 403.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1964). “The outcome problem in psychotherapy: a reply.” Psychother., 1, 97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiesler, D. J. (1966). “Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm.” Psychol. Bull., 65, 110.Google Scholar
Malan, D. H., Heath, E. S., and Bacal, H. A. (1965). “The assessment of methods of psychological treatment.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 58, 522.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, S. (1954). “A transvaluation of psychotherapy: a reply to Hans Eysenck.” J. abn. soc. Psychol., 49, 298.Google Scholar
Strupp, H. H. (1963). “The outcome problem in psychotherapy revisited.” Psychother., 1, 1.Google Scholar
Goldstein, A. T., and Dean, S. J. (1966). The Investigation of Psychotherapy. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Balint, M. (1957). The Doctor, his Patient and the Illness. London: Pitman. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Barron, F., and Leary, T. F. (1955). “Changes in psychoneurotic patients with and without psychotherapy.” J. cons. Psychol., 19, 239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brill, N. Q. (1966). “Results of psychotherapy.” Calif. Med., 104, 249.Google Scholar
Cremerius, J. (1962). “Die Beurteilung des Behandlungserfolges in der Psychotherapie.” Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Heft 99. Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Denker, P. G. (1946). “Results of the treatment of psychoneurosis by the general practitioner.” N.Y. State J. Med., 46, 2164.Google ScholarPubMed
Endicott, N. A., and Endicott, J. (1963). “‘Improvement’ in untreated psychiatric patients.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 9, 575.Google Scholar
Endicott, N. A., and Endicott, J. (1963). “Changes in psychiatric patients with and without psychotherapy.” Psychother. In press.Google Scholar
Ernst, K. (1959). “Die Prognose der Neurosen.” Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Heft 85. Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1952). “The effects of psychotherapy, an evaluation.” J. cons. Psychol., 16, 319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1960). Handbook of Abnormal Psychology. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Giel, R., Knox, R. S., and Carstairs, G. M. (1964). “A five-year follow-up of 100 neurotic out-patients.” Brit. med. J., 2, 160.Google Scholar
Hathaway, S. R., and McKinley, J. C. (1940). “A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota): I. Construction of the schedule.” J. Psychol., 10, 249.Google Scholar
Hathaway, S. R., and McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. New York: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Knight, R. F. (1941). “Evaluation of the results of psychoanalytic therapy.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 98, 434.Google Scholar
Landis, C. (1938). “Statistical evaluation of psychotherapeutic methods.” In: Concepts and Problems of Psychotherapy (ed. Kinsie, S. E.), pp. 155–165. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. (1936). “Problems of obsessional illness.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 29, 325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luborsky, L. (1962). “Clinicians' judgments of mental health.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 7, 407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malan, D. H. (1959). “On assessing the results of psychotherapy.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 32, 86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malan, D. H. (1963). A Study of Brief Psychotherapy. London: Tavistock. Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Miles, H., Barrabee, E., and Finesinger, J. (1951). “Evaluation of psychotherapy.” Psychosom. Med., 13, 82.Google Scholar
Müller, C. (1953). “Vorläufige Mitteilung zur langen Katamnese der Zwangskranken.” Nervenarzt., 24, 112.Google Scholar
Müller, C. (1957). “Weitere Beobachtungen zum Verlauf der Zwangskrankheit.” Psychiatria Neurol., 133, 80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, C. R., and Dymond, F. (1954). Psychotherapy and Personality Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Saslow, G., and Peters, A. (1956). “A follow-up study of ‘untreated’ patients with various behaviour disorders.” Psychiat. Quart., 30, 283.Google Scholar
Shlien, J. M., Mosak, H. H., and Dreikurs, R. (1962). “Effect of time limits: A comparison of two psychotherapies.” J. counseling Psychol., 9, 31.Google Scholar
Stephenson, W. (1953). The Study of Behavior: Q-Technique and its Methodology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stone, A. R., Frank, J. D., Nash, E. H., and Imber, S. D. (1961). “An intensive five-year follow-up study of treated psychiatric out-patients.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 133, 410.Google Scholar
Voth, H. M., Modlin, H. C., and Orth, M. H. (1962). “Situational variables in the assessment of psychotherapeutic results.” Bull. Menninger Clinic, 26, 73.Google Scholar
Wallace, H. E. R., and Whyte, M. B. H. (1959). “Natural history of the psychoneuroses.” Brit. med. J., 1, 144.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, R. S., Robbins, L. L., Sargent, H. D., and Luborsky, L. (1956). “The psychotherapy project of the Menninger Foundation.” Bull. Menninger Clinic, 20, 221.Google Scholar
Dymond, R. F. (1955). “Adjustment changes in the absence of psychotherapy.” J. counseling Psychol., 19, 103.Google Scholar
Frank, J. D., Nash, E. H., Stone, A. R., and Imber, S. D. (1963). “Immediate and long-term symptomatic course of psychiatric out-patients.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 120, 429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, A. P. (1960). “Patients' expectancies and non-specific therapy as a basis for (un)spontaneous remission.” J. clin. Psychol., 16, 399.Google Scholar
Stevenson, I. (1961). “Processes of ‘spontaneous’ recovery from the psychoneuroses.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 117, 1057.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. M. (1955). “Changes in the self-concept without psychotherapy.” J. cons. Psychol., 19, 205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brill, N. Q., and Beebe, G. W. (1955). “A follow-up study of war neuroses.” V. A. Medical Monograph.Google Scholar
Chappell, M. N., and Stevenson, T. I. (1936). “Group psychological training in some organic conditions.” Ment. Hyg., 20, 588.Google Scholar
Fairweather, G. W., Simon, R., Gebhard, E., Weingarten, E., Holland, J. L., Sanders, R., Stone, G. B., and Reahl, J. E. (1960). “Relative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic programs: A multicriteria comparison of four programs for three different patient groups.” Psychol. Monogr., 74, No. 5. (whole no. 492).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellner, R. (1964). “The efficacy of psychotherapy: The results of some controlled investigations.” Unpublished paper read at the 6th International Congress of Psychotherapy, London.Google Scholar
Teuber, H. L., and Powers, E. (1953). “Evaluating therapy in a delinquency prevention program.” Res. Publs. Ass. Res. nerv. ment. Dis., 31, 138.Google Scholar
Bond, E. D., and Braceland, F. J. (1937). “Prognosis in mental disease: Use of one-page abstracts.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 94, 263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comroe, B. E. (1936). “Follow-up study of 100 patients diagnosed as ‘neurosis’.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 83, 679.Google Scholar
Grimshaw, L. (1965). “The outcome of obsessional disorder: A follow-up study of 100 cases.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 1051.Google Scholar
Hastings, D. W. (1958). “Follow-up results in psychiatric illness.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 114, 1057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, W. L., and Holt, W. M. (1952). “Long-term prognosis in mental illness: A 30-year follow-up of 141 mental patients.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 108, 735.Google Scholar
Ingram, I. M. “Obsessional illness in mental hospital patients.” J. ment. Sci., 107, 382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kringlen, E. (1965). “Obsessional neurosis: a long-term follow-up.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 709.Google Scholar
Ljungberg, L. (1957). “Hysteria: A clinical prognostic and genetic study.” Acta psychiat. neurol. Scand., Supplement 112.Google ScholarPubMed
Pollitt, J. (1957). “Natural history of obsessional states: A study of 150 cases.” Brit. med. J., 1, 194.Google Scholar
Rüdin, E. (1953). “Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Zwangskrankheit, insbesondere ihrer hereditären Beziehungen.” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 191, 14.Google Scholar
Terhune, W. B. (1949). “The phobic syndrome (a study of 86 patients with phobic reactions).” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 62, 162.Google Scholar
Ziegler, L. H., and Heershema, P. H. (1942). “A follow-up study of 111 non-hospitalized depressed patients after 14 years.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 99, 813.Google Scholar
Bergin, A. E. (1963). “The effects of psychotherapy: negative results revisited.” J. counseling Psychol., 10, 244.Google Scholar
Browne, S. E. (1964). “Short psychotherapy with passive patients.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 233.Google Scholar
Cartwright, D. S. (1955). “Effectiveness of psychotherapy: a critique of the spontaneous remission argument.” J. counseling Psychol., 2, 290.Google Scholar
Cartwright, D. W. (1956). “Note on ‘Changes in psychoneurotic patients with and without psychotherapy’.” J. cons. Psychol., 20, 403.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1964). “The outcome problem in psychotherapy: a reply.” Psychother., 1, 97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiesler, D. J. (1966). “Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm.” Psychol. Bull., 65, 110.Google Scholar
Malan, D. H., Heath, E. S., and Bacal, H. A. (1965). “The assessment of methods of psychological treatment.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 58, 522.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, S. (1954). “A transvaluation of psychotherapy: a reply to Hans Eysenck.” J. abn. soc. Psychol., 49, 298.Google Scholar
Strupp, H. H. (1963). “The outcome problem in psychotherapy revisited.” Psychother., 1, 1.Google Scholar
Goldstein, A. T., and Dean, S. J. (1966). The Investigation of Psychotherapy. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
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