Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T14:48:12.983Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Thomas R. E. Barnes*
Affiliation:
Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, Academic Unit, Horton Hospital, Epsom, Surrey KT19 8PZ

Abstract

A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia has been derived that incorporates diagnostic criteria for pseudoakathisia, and mild, moderate, and severe akathisia. It comprises items for rating the observable, restless movements which characterise the condition, the subjective awareness of restlessness, and any distress associated with the akathisia. In addition, there is an item for rating global severity. A standard examination procedure is recommended. The inter-rater reliability for the scale items (Cohen's x) ranged from 0.738 to 0.955. Akathisia was found in eight of 42 schizophrenic inpatients, and nine had pseudoakathisia, where the typical sense of inner restlessness was not reported.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1989 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM-III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Ayd, F. J. (1961) A survey of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. Journal of the American Medical Association, 175, 10541060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, T. R. E. (1987) The present status of tardive dyskinesia and akathisia in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Developments, 4, 301319.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. R. E., Kidger, T. & Gore, S. M. (1983) Tardive dyskinesia: a three-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 13, 7181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, T. R. E. & Braude, W. M. (1985) Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 874878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, T. R. E. & Halstead, S. M. (1988) A scale for rating drug-induced akathisia (abstract: Bi-Ennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia, Badgastein, Austria, January 1988). Schizophrenia Research, 1, 249.Google Scholar
Blom, S. & Ekbom, K. A. (1961) Comparison between akathisia developing on treatment with phenothiazine derivatives and the restless legs syndrome. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 170, 689694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braude, W. M., Barnes, T. R. E. & Gore, S. M. (1983) Clinical characteristics of akathisia. A systematic investigation of acute psychiatric inpatient admissions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 139150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drake, R. E. & Ehrlich, J. (1985) Suicide attempts associated with akathisia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 599601.Google ScholarPubMed
Freyhan, F. A. (1958) Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Other Side Effects of Trifluoperazine. Clinical and Pharmacological Aspects. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
Gibb, W. R. G. & Lees, A. J. (1986) The clinical phenomenon of akathisia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 49, 861866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kekich, W. A. (1978) Violence as a manifestation of akathisia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 240, 2185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, B. B. (1979) An unusual case of akathisia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1088.Google ScholarPubMed
Lancet (1986) Akathisia and antipsychotic drugs (editorial). Lancet, ii, 11311132.Google Scholar
Marsden, C. D., Tarsy, D. & Baldessarini, R. J. (1985) Spontaneous and drug-induced movement disorders. In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurological Disease (eds Benson, D. F. & Blumer, D.). New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Munetz, M. R. (1986) Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia (letter). Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 1015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munetz, M. R. & Cornes, C. L. (1982) Akathisia, pseudoakathisia and tardive dyskinesia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23, 345352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, A. M., Mukherjee, S., Olarte, S., et al (1982) Perception of tardive dyskinesia in outpatients receiving maintenance neuroleptics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 372373.Google ScholarPubMed
Schulte, J. R. (1985) Homicide and suicide associated with akathisia and haloperidol. American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 6, 37.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. D., Mann, J. J., Weiden, P. J., et al (1986) A case of suicidal and homicidal ideation and akathisia in a double-blind neuroleptic crossover study (letter). Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, 196197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shear, K., Frances, A. & Weiden, P. (1983) Suicide associated with akathisia and depot fluphenazine treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3, 235236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sigwald, J., Groissiord, A., Duriel, P., et al (1947) Le traitment de la maladie de Parkinson et des manifestations extrapyramidales par le diethylaminoethyl n-thiodiphenylamine (2987 RP): resultats d'une anee d'application. Review Neurological (Paris), 79, 683687.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. M. & Angus, J. W. S. (1970) A rating scale for extrapyramidal side-effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 212 (suppl. 44), 1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, R. P., Bridge, G. W. K. & Hamilton, M. (1976) The Leeds scales for the self-assessment of anxiety and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 156165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stahl, F. M. (1985) Akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 915917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steck, H. (1954) Le syndrome extrapyramidal et diencephalique au cours des traitements au Largactil et au Serpasil. Annales Medico-Psychologiques (Paris), 112, 734743.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Putten, T. (1974) Why do schizophrenic patients refuse to take their drugs? Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 6772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Putten, T. (1975) The many faces of akathisia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 16, 4347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Putten, T., May, P. R. A. & Marder, S. R. (1984) Akathisia with haloperidol and thiothixene. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 10361039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Putten, T. & Marder, S. R. (1986) Toward a more reliable diagnosis of akathisia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 10151016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Putten, T. & Marder, S. R. (1987) Behavioral toxicity of antipsychotic drugs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48 (suppl.), 1319.Google ScholarPubMed
Weiden, P., Mann, J. J., Haas, G., et al (1987) Clinical non-recognition of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders: a cautionary study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 11481153.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.