Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T00:00:53.075Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Learning and Human Development

The Forty-second Maudsley Lecture, delivered before the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, 17th November, 1967

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

A. D. B. Clarke*
Affiliation:
The University of Hull, Yorkshire

Extract

Last December I received one of the most surprising letters of my life—an invitation to give the next Maudsley Lecture before this Association. I am deeply grateful for this honour, all the more so since I stand in considerable debt to the hospital which Henry Maudsley founded and which bears his name, having spent two fruitful years there as a research student.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1968 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainsworth, M. D., Andry, R. G., Harlow, R. G., Lebovici, S., Mead, M., Prugh, D. G., and Wootton, B. (1962). Deprivation of Maternal Care: a Reassessment of its Effects. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Bennett, E. L., Diamond, M. C., Krech, D., and Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964). “Chemical and anatomical plasticity of brain” Science, 146, 610619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, B. S. (1964). Stability and Change in Human Characteristics. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal Care and Mental Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, J. Ainsworth, M., Boston, M., and Rosenbluth, D. (1956). “The effects of mother-child separation: a follow-up study” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 29, 211247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J. J., and Austin, G. A. (1956). A Study of Thinking. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Burtt, H. E. (1932). “The retention of early memories.” In Dennis, W. (1963). Readings in Child Psychology, Second edition, 341352. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Campbell, B. A., and Campbell, E. M. (1962). “Retention and extinction of learned fear in adult rats” J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 55, 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D., Sanderson, R. E., and Laverty, S. G. (1964). “Characteristics of a conditioned response in human subjects during extinction trials following a single traumatic conditioning trial” J. abn. soc. Psychol., 68, 627639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. D. B., Clarke, A. M., and Reiman, S. (1958). “Cognitive and social changes in the feeble-minded—three further studies” Brit. J. Psychol., 49, 144157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. D. B., and Clarke, A. M. (1959). “Recovery from the effects of deprivation” Acta Psychologica, 16, 137144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. D. B., (1960). “Some recent advances in the study of early deprivation” J. Child Psychol. and Psychiat., 1, 2636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. D. B., and Cooper, G. M. (1966). “Age and perceptualmotor transfer in imbeciles: task complexity as a variable” Brit. J. Psychol., 57, 113119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. M., Cooper, G. M., and Henney, A. S. (1966). “Width of transfer and task complexity in the conceptual learning of imbeciles” Brit. J. Psychol., 57, 121128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. M., Cooper, G. M., and Clarke, A. D. B. (1967). “Task complexity and transfer in the development of cognitive structures” J. exp. Child Psychol., 5, 562576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. M., Cooper, G. M., (1967). “Conceptual transfer as a function of prior training” Psychon. Sci., 9, 307308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cravioto, J., DeLicardie, E. R., and Birch, H. G. (1966). “Nutrition, growth and neurointegrative development: an experimental and ecologic study” Pediatrics, 38, 319372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grawshay-Williams, R. (1947). The Comforts of Unreason. New York: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Davis, K. (1947). “Final note on a case of extreme isolation” Amer, J. Sociol., 52, 432437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, W. (1960). “Causes of retardation among institutional children” J. genet. Psychol., 96, 4759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, W. and Najarian, P. (1957). “Infant development under environmental handicap” Psychol. Monogr., 71, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobbing, J., and Widdowson, E. M. (1965). “The effect of under-nutrition and subsequent rehabilitation on myelination of rat brain as measured by its composition” Brain, 88, 357366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, J. L., and Waller, M. B. (1962). “Is early experience different?” Chapter 16 in Roots of Behaviour. Bliss, E. L. (Ed.). New York: Harper and Bros.Google Scholar
Gardner, D. B., Hawkes, G. R., and Burchinal, L. G. (1961). “Development after non-continuous mothering” Child Developm., 32, 225234.Google Scholar
Goldfarb, W. (1943). “The effects of early institutional care on adolescent personality” J. exp. Educ., 12, 106129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, S. W., and Klaus, R. A. (1965). “An experimental preschool program for culturally deprived children” Child Developm., 36, 887898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlow, H. F. (1949). “The formation of learning sets” Psychol. Rev., 56, 5165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlow, H. F. (1963). “The maternal affectional system.” In Foss, B. M. (Ed.), Determinants of Infant Behaviour. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Haywood, H. C., and Tapp, J. T. (1966). “Experience and the development of adaptive behaviour.” In International Review of Research in Mental Retardation. Vol. 1, Ellis, N. R. (Ed.). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949). The Organization of Behaviour. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Hill, O. W., and Price, J. S. (1967). “Childhood bereavement and adult depression” Brit. J. Psychiat., 113, 743751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagan, J., and Moss, H. A. (1962). Birth to Maturity. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
King, J. A. (1958). “Parameters relevant to determining the effect of early experience upon the adult behaviour of animals” Psychol. Bull., 55, 4657.Google Scholar
Levine, S., and Lewis, G. W. (1959). “The relative importance of experimenter contact in an effect produced by extra-stimulation in infancy” J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 52, 368369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, A. (1951). “The Twenty-Fifth Maudsley Lecture—Henry Maudsley: his work and influence” J. ment. Sci., 97, 259277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, H. (1954). Deprived Children. London: Oxford Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, M. K (1942). “Learning to speak after years of silence” J. Speech and Hearing Disord., 7, 245304.Google Scholar
Mayer-Gross, W., Slater, E., and Roth, M. (1954). Clinical Psychiatry. London: Cassell and Company Ltd.Google Scholar
Melzack, R. (1954). “The genesis of emotional behaviour: an experimental study of the dog” J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 47, 166168.Google Scholar
Miller, E. (1968). (Ed.) Foundations of Child Psychiatry. London: Pergamon. In press.Google Scholar
Munsinger, H., and Kessen, W. (1966). “Stimulus variability and cognitive change” Psychol. Rev., 73, 164178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munsinger, H., Kessen, W., and Kessen, M. L. (1964). “Age and uncertainty: developmental variations in preference for variability” J. exp. Child. Psychol., 1, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, J. E., and Murphee, O. D. (1966). “Emotional trauma in rats: age as a factor in recovery” Condit. Reflex, 1, 5156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prugh, D. G., Staub, E. M., Sands, H. H., Kirschbaum, R. M., and Lenihan, E. A. (1953). “A study of the emotional reactions of children and families to hospitalization and illness” Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 23, 70116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathbun, C., di Virgilio, L., and Waldfogel, S. (1958). “The restitutive process in children following radical separation from family and culture” Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 28, 408415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., and Diamond, M. C. (1967). “Effects of differential environments on brain anatomy and chemistry.” Chapter 4 in Psychopathology of Mental Development. Zubin, J. and Jervis, G. (Eds.). New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Birch, H. G., Thomas, A., and Chess, S. (1964). “Temperamental characteristics in infancy and the later development of behavioural disorders” Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 651661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryle, G. (1953). “Thinking” Acta Psychologica, 9, 189196.Google Scholar
Salzen, E. A. (1963). “Visual stimuli eliciting the smiling response in the human infant” J. genet. Psychol., 102, 5154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzen, E. A. and Sluckin, W. (1959). “The incidence of the following response and the duration of responsiveness in domestic fowl” Anim. Behav., 7, 172179.Google Scholar
Sayegh, Y., and Dennis, W. (1965). “The effects of supplementary experiences upon the behavioural development of infants in institutions” Child Developm., 36, 8190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffer, H. R. (1958). “Objective observations of personality development in early infancy” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 31, 174183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlaegel, T. F. (1953). “Visual experience and visual imagery” J. genet. Psychol., 83, 265277.Google Scholar
Schutz, F. (1965). “Sexuelle prägung bei anatiden.” (Sexual imprinting in the anatidae (duck and swan family).) Z. Tierpsychol., 22, 50103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skeels, H. M. (1966). “Adult status of children with contrasting early life experiences: a follow-up study” Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Developm., 31, 3, No. 105.Google Scholar
Skodak, M. (1968). “Adult status of formerly retarded individuals who experienced intervention in early childhood” Proc. First Cong. Internat. Assoc. scient. Stud. Ment. Defic., London: Jackson. In press.Google Scholar
Sluckin, W. (1964). Imprinting and Early Learning. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Sontag, L. W., Baker, C. T., and Nelson, V. L. (1958). “Mental growth and personality development: a longitudinal study” Monogr. Soc. Res. Child. Developm., 23, 68, No. 2.Google Scholar
Stone, L. J. (1954). “A critique of studies on infant isolation” Child Developm., 25, 920.Google Scholar
Thompson, W. R., and Heron, W. (1954). “The effects of early restriction on activity in dogs” J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 47, 7782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trasler, G. (1960). In Place of Parents. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Watson, J. B., and Rayner, R. (1920). “Conditioned emotional reactions” J. exp. Psychol., 3, 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whimbey, A. E., and Denenberg, V. H. (1966). “Programming life histories: creating individual differences by the experimental control of early experiences” Multivariate Behav. Res., 1, 279286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittenborn, J. R. (1956). The Placement of Adoptive Children. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Woods, P. J. (1959). “The effects of free and restricted environmental experience on problem-solving behaviour in the rat” J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 52, 399402.Google Scholar
Wootton, B. (1959). Social Science and Social Pathology. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Yarrow, L. J. (1961). “Maternal deprivation: toward an empirical and conceptual re-evaluation” Psychol. Bull., 58, 459490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.