Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-gr6zb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-23T22:11:13.919Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Very High Energy Cosmic Rays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2015

John Linsley
John Linsley*
Affiliation:
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Results from ground level and underground experiments on cosmic rays with energy 1012 to 1020eV are reviewed. They show that the energy spectrum has two significant features, a ‘knee’ and an ‘ankle’. The arrival directions of these cosmic rays at the solar system are anisotropic, features of the anisotropy appearing to be correlated with features of the spectrum. Detailed interpretation of this information awaits conclusive evidence regarding the composition of these cosmic rays. New results and prospective new results on the composition are described and discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 94: Origin of Cosmic Rays , 1981 , pp. 53 - 68
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1981 

References

Acharya, B.S., Rao, M.V.S., Sivaprasad, K. and Rao, Srikantha: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 8, pp. 312–317.Google Scholar
Aguirre, C., Anda, R., Trepp, A., Kakimoto, F., Mizumoto, Y., Suga, K., Inoue, N., Kawai, M., Izu, N., Kaneko, T., Yoshii, H., Nishi, K., Yamada, Y., Tajima, N., Nakatani, H., Gotoh, E., MacKeown, P.K., Murakami, K. and Toyoda, Y.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 8, pp. 112–117.Google Scholar
Alfvén, H.: 1954, Tellus, 6, pp. 232–253.Google Scholar
Antonov, R.A. and Ivanenko, I.P.: 1975, Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Munich, 8, pp. 2708–2713.Google Scholar
Antonov, R.A., Ivanenko, I.P. and Kuzmin, V.A.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 9, pp. 263–268.Google Scholar
Bell, M.C., Kota, J. and Wolfendale, A.W.: 1974, J. Phys. A, 7, pp. 420–436.Google Scholar
Benko, G., Kecskemety, K., Kota, J., Somogyi, A.J. and Varga, A.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 4, pp. 205–209.Google Scholar
Berezinsky, V.S. and Zatsepin, G.T.: 1969, Phys. Letters, 28B, pp. 423–424.Google Scholar
Bergeson, H.E., Cassiday, G.L., Chiu, T.-W., Cooper, D.A., Elbert, J.W., Loh, E.C., Steck, D., West, W.J., Linsley, J. and Mason, G.W.: 1977, Phys. Rev. Letters, 39, pp. 847–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergeson, H.E., Cutler, D.J., Davis, J.F. and Groom, D.E.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 4, pp. 188–193.Google Scholar
Blake, P.R., Connor, P.J., Nash, W.F., Mann, D.M. and O'Connell, B.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 8, pp. 82–87.Google Scholar
Bradt, H., Clark, G., La Pointe, M., Domingo, V., Escobar, I., Kamata, K., Murakami, K., Suga, K. and Toyoda, Y.: 1965, Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, London, 2, pp. 715–716.Google Scholar
Cassé, M. and Paul, J.A.: 1980, Astrophys. J., 237, pp. 236–243.Google Scholar
Cunningham, G., Lloyd-Evans, J., Pollock, A.M.T., Reid, R.J.O. and Watson, A.A.: 1980, Astrophys. J. (Letters), 236, pp. L71–L75.Google Scholar
Davies, S.T., Elliot, H. and Thambiapillai, T.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 4, pp. 210–214.Google Scholar
Elenskiy, Ya. S. and Suvorov, A.L.: 1977, Astrofizika, 13, pp. 731–735 (trans. Astrophysics, 13, pp. 432–434).Google Scholar
England, C.D., Lapikens, J., Norwood, H.M., Reid, R.J.O. and Watson, A.A.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 8, pp. 88–93.Google Scholar
Fenton, A.G. and Fenton, K.B.: 1976, Proc. Int. Cosmic Ray Symposium on High Energy Cosmic Ray Modulation, Tokyo, pp. 313–315.Google Scholar
Firkowski, R., Gawin, J., Zawadzki, A. and Maze, R.: 1962, J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 3, pp. 123.Google Scholar
Fomin, Yu. A. and Khristiansen, G.B.: 1971, Yadernaya Phys., 14, pp. 654.Google Scholar
Goodman, J.A., Ellsworth, R.W., Ito, A.S., MacFall, J.R., Siohan, F., Streitmatter, R.E., Tonwar, S.C., Vishwanath, P.R. and Yodh, G.B.: 1979, Phys. Rev. Letters, 42, pp. 854–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginzburg, V.L. and Syrovatskii, S.I.: 1964, “The Origin of Cosmic Rays” (Oxford: Pergamon).Google Scholar
Greisen, K.: 1956, in “Progress in Cosmic Ray Physics”, ed. Wilson, J.G. (New York: Interscience), 3, pp. 1–141.Google Scholar
Grigorov, N.L., Gubin, Yu. V., Rapoport, I.D., Savenkov, I.A., Yakovlev, B.M., Akimov, V.V. and Nestorov, V.E.: 1971, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Hobart, 5, pp. 1746–1751.Google Scholar
Hammond, R.T., Orford, K.J., Protheroe, R.J., Shearer, J.A.L., Turver, K.E., Waddoup, W.D. and Wellby, D.W.: 1978, Nuovo Cim. 1C, pp. 315–CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayakawa, S.: 1972, Astrophys. Space Sci., 19, pp. 173–179.Google Scholar
Hillas, A.M.: 1975, Physics Reports, 20C, pp. 59.Google Scholar
Hillas, A.M.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 8, pp. 7–12.Google Scholar
Kalmykov, N.N., Nechin, Yu. A., Prosin, V.V., Fomin, Yu. A., Khristiansen, G.B. and Berezhko, I.A.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 9, pp. 73–78.Google Scholar
Karakula, S., Osborne, J.L., Roberts, E. and Tkaczyk, W.: 1972, J. Phys. A, 5, pp. 904–915.Google Scholar
Karakula, S., Osborne, J.L. and Wdowczyk, J., 1974, J. Phys. A, 7, pp. 437–443.Google Scholar
Kiraly, P., Kota, J., Osborne, J.L., Stapley, N.R. and Wolfendale, A.W.: 1979a, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 4, pp. 221–225.Google Scholar
Kiraly, P., Kota, J., Osborne, J.L., Stapley, N.R. and Wolfendale, A.W.: 1979b, Rivista del Nuovo Cim., 2, pp. 1–46.Google Scholar
Kirshner, R.: 1980, Nature, 284, pp. 597–598.Google Scholar
Krasilnikov, D.D.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 8, pp. 26–31.Google Scholar
Lapikens, J., Lloyd-Evans, J., Pollock, A.M.T., Reid, R.J.O. and Watson, A.A.: 1979a, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 4, pp. 221–225.Google Scholar
Lapikens, J., Walker, R. and Watson, A.A.: 1979b, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 8, pp. 95–100.Google Scholar
La Pointe, M., Kamata, K. Gaebler, J., Escobar, I., Domingo, V., Suga, K., Murakami, K., Toyoda, Y., and Shibata, S.: 1968, Can. J. Phys., 46, pp. S68–S71.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Evans, J., Pollock, A.M.T. and Watson, A.A.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 13, pp. 130–135.Google Scholar
Linsley, J. and Scarsi, L.: 1962, Phys. Rev. Letters, 9, pp. 123–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linsley, J.: 1975, Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Munich, 2, pp. 598–603.Google Scholar
Linsley, J. and Watson, A.A.: 1977, Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Plovdiv, 12, pp. 203–208.Google Scholar
Linsley, J.: 1977, Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Plovdiv, 12, pp. 89–96.Google Scholar
Linsley, J.: 1980, Astrophys. J. (Letters), 235, pp. L167–169.Google Scholar
Linsley, J. and Watson, A.A.: 1980, Phys. Rev. Letters, to be published.Google Scholar
McIvor, J.: 1977, M.N.R.A.S., 179, pp. 13.Google Scholar
Nikolskii, S.I.: 1962, Proc. 5th Interamerican Seminar on Cosmic Rays, 2, paper XLVIII, pp. 1–4.Google Scholar
Orford, K.J. and Turver, K.E.: 1980, Phys. Rev. Letters, 44, pp. 959–961.Google Scholar
Owens, A.J. and Jokipii, J.R.: 1977, Astrophys. J., 215, pp. 677–684.Google Scholar
Peters, B. and Westergaard, N.J.: 1977, Astrophys. Space Sci., 48, pp. 21–46.Google Scholar
Pollock, A.M.T., 1978, , University of Leeds.Google Scholar
Protheroe, R.J. and Turver, K.E.: 1977, Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Plovdiv, 8, pp. 275–280.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, I.L.: 1974, in “Origin of Cosmic Rays”, eds. Osborne, J.L. and Wolfendale, A.W. (Dordrecht: D. Reidel), pp. 97–133.Google Scholar
Sakakibara, S., Ueno, H., Fujimoto, K., Kondo, I. and Nagashima, K.: 1979, Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Kyoto, 4, pp. 216–220.Google Scholar
Sreekantan, B.V.: 1972, Space Science Reviews, 14, pp. 103–174.Google Scholar
Stecker, F.: 1968, Phys. Rev. Letters, 14, pp. 1016–1018.Google Scholar
Stecker, F.: 1973, Astrophys. Space Sci., 20, pp. 47–57.Google Scholar
Thornton, G. and Clay, R.: 1979, Phys. Rev. Letters, 43, pp. 1622–1625.Google Scholar
Toyoda, Y., Suga, K., Murakami, K., Hasegawa, H., Shibata, S., Domingo, V., Escobar, I., Bradt, H., Clark, G. and La Pointe, M.: 1965, Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, London, 2, pp. 708–711.Google Scholar
Watson, A.A.: 1980a, Quart. J. Roy. Astron. Soc., 21, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar
Watson, A.A.: 1980b, private communication.Google Scholar
Wolfendale, A.W.: 1977, Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Plovdiv, 10, pp. 235–251.Google Scholar
Zatsepin, G.T., Nikolskii, S.I. and Khristiansen, G.B.: 1963, Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays, Jaipur, 4, pp. 100–123.Google Scholar