Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T20:39:43.190Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Structure, Dynamics and Statistical Properties of Galaxies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2015

G. De Vaucouleurs
G. De Vaucouleurs*
Affiliation:
The University of Texas at Austin, Tex., U.S.A.

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The following empirical or physical parameters describing individual and statistical properties of galaxies are reviewed: morphological type including new or revised types; intrinsic luminosity distribution functions of two main components (spheroid and disk); true ellipticities of different types; characteristic scale parameters (effective diameter and luminosity density) of spheroidal and flat systems; masses and densities of spheroidal, disk and mixed systems from velocity dispersion and rotation velocities; rotation periods, maximum rotation velocities, angular velocities and momenta of different types; neutral hydrogen masses and densities; spectral energy distributions and colour indices; number of independent parameters from principal component (factor) analysis; luminosity functions and selection effects; clustering and space distribution; maximum density-radius and velocity dispersion-radius relations in systems of galaxies.

Type
Research Article
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 58: The Formation and Dynamics of Galaxies , 1974 , pp. 1 - 53
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1974 

References

Abell, G. O.: 1962, in McVittie, G. C. (ed.), ‘Problems of Extragalactic Research’, IAU Symp. 15, 213.Google Scholar
Abell, G. O.: 1972, in Evans, D. S. (ed.), ‘External Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects’, IAU Symp. 44, 341.Google Scholar
Ables, H. D.: 1971, Publ. U.S. Naval Obs. XX, Part IV.Google Scholar
Arp, H. C.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 142, 402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arp, H. C.: 1966, Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, Calif. Inst. of Technology, Pasadena.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arp, H. C.: 1968, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 80, 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arp, H. C. and Bertola, F.: 1969, Astrophys. Letters 4, 23.Google Scholar
Arp, H. C. and Bertola, F.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 163, 195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baade, W. and Minkowski, R.: 1954, Astrophys. J. 119, 225.Google Scholar
Balkowski, C.: 1972, Etude statistique des propriétés intégrales des galaxies mesurées en raie 21 cm, , Univ. of Paris.Google Scholar
Balkowski, C., Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L., and Heidmann, J.: 1972, Astron. Astrophys. 21, 203.Google Scholar
Baum, W.: 1959, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 71, 106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnor, W. B.: 1972, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 159, 261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottinelli, L.: 1970, La distribution spatiale à grande échelle de l'hydrogéne neutre dans les galaxies, , Univ. of Paris.Google Scholar
Bottinelli, L.: 1971, Astron. Astrophys. 10, 437.Google Scholar
Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L., Heidmann, J., and Heidmann, N.: 1968, Ann. Astrophys. 31, 205.Google Scholar
Bottinelli, L., Gouguenheim, L., and Heidmann, J.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 25, 451.Google Scholar
Brandt, J. C.: 1960, Astrophys. J. 131, 293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, J. C. and Roosen, R. G.: 1969 Astrophys. J. Letters 156, L59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brosche, P.: 1963, Z. Astrophys. 57, 143.Google Scholar
Brosche, P.: 1971, Astron. Astrophys. 13, 293.Google Scholar
Brosche, P.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 23, 259.Google Scholar
Burbidge, E. M. and Burbidge, G. R.: 1960, Astrophys. J. 131, 224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burbidge, E. M. and Burbidge, G. R.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 171, 253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burbidge, E. M., Burbidge, G. R., and Prendergast, K. H.: 1960, Astrophys. J. 132, 654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burbidge, E. M., Burbidge, G. R., and Fish, R. A.: 1961, Astrophys. J. 134, 251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burbidge, E. M., Burbidge, G. R., and Prendergast, K. H.: 1963, Astrophys. J. 137, 376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Code, A. D., Welch, G. A., and Page, T. L.: 1972, in Scientific Results from the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (O AO-2), NASA SP-310, p. 559.Google Scholar
Corwin, H. G.: 1967, Galaxy Groups, , Univ. of Kansas.Google Scholar
Corwin, H. G.: 1968, Publ. Dept. Astron. Univ. of Texas, Austin, II, No. 12.Google Scholar
Corwin, H. G.: 1970, Publ. Dept. Astron. Univ. of Texas, Austin, III, No. 5.Google Scholar
Danby, J. M. A.: 1965, Astron. J. 70, 501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deeming, T. J.: 1968, Vistas in Astronomy 10, 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1948, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 227, 548.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1953, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 113, 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1955, Astron. J. 60, 126, 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1956a, Mem. Comm. Obs. Mt. Stromlo, III, No. 13.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1956b, Irish Astron. J. 4, 13.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1957a, Ann. Obs. Le Houga II, fasc. 1.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1957b, Astron. J. 62, 69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1958a, Astrophys. J. 128, 465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1958b, Astron. J. 63, 253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1959a, Astron. J. 64, 397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1959b, in Handbuch der Physik 53, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Göttingen, p. 275, 311.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1960, Astrophys. J. 131, 585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1961, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 5, No. 48, 233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1962, in McVittie, G. C. (ed.), ‘Classification of Galaxies by Form, Luminosity and Color’, IAU Symp. 15, 3.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1963, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 8, No. 74, 31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1964, Astron. J. 69, 737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1965, ‘Nearby Groups of Galaxies’, Stars and Stellar Systems, 9, Chapter 17 (in press).Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1969, Astrophys. Letters 4, 17.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1970a, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 2, 308.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1970b, Science 167, 1203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1971, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 83, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1973, Report to Commission 30, IAU meeting, Sydney.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G. and Ables, H.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 151, 105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G. and Agüero, E.: 1973, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 85, 150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G. and Freeman, K. C.: 1972, Vistas in Astronomy 14, 163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G. and de Vaucouleurs, A.: 1959a, Lowell Obs. Bull. IV, No. 92, 58.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G. and de Vaucouleurs, A.: 1959b, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 71, 83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G. and de Vaucouleurs, A.: 1964, Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies, The Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G. and de Vaucouleurs, A.: 1970, Astrophys. Letters 5, 219.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G. and de Vaucouleurs, A.: 1972, Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. 77, Part I, 1.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G. and de Vaucouleurs, A.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 28, 109.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G., de Vaucouleurs, A., and De Cesare, M.: 1969a, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 1, 186.Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G., de Vaucouleurs, A., and De Cesare, M.: 1969b, Contr. McDonald Obs. II, No. 26 (see also Sky Telesc. 37, No. 3) Google Scholar
Einasto, J.: 1968, Publ. Tartu Astron. Obs. 36, 396, 414.Google Scholar
Einasto, J.: 1969, Astrofizika 5, 137.Google Scholar
Einasto, J.: 1970, Astrofizika 6, 149, 241.Google Scholar
Einasto, J.: 1972a, Tartu Astron. Obs., Preprint No. 40.Google Scholar
Einasto, J.: 1972b, in Evans, D. S. (ed.), ‘External Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects’, IAU Symp. 44, 37.Google Scholar
Einasto, J. and Kaasik, A.: 1973, Private communication for presentation to this Symposium.Google Scholar
Faber, S. M.: 1971, Unpublished , Harvard Univ. Google Scholar
Faber, S. M.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 179, 423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fish, R. A.: 1964, Astrophys. J. 139, 284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, C. W.: 1972, Observatory 92, 51.Google Scholar
Freeman, K. C.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 160, 811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, K. C. and de Vaucouleurs, G.,: 1974, in preparation.Google Scholar
Gallagher, J. S. III: 1972, Astron. J. 77, 568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilra, D. P.: 1971, Nature 229, 237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilra, D. P.: 1972, in Scientific Results from the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO-2), NASA SP-310, p. 295.Google Scholar
Gordon, K. J.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, 235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouguenheim, L.: 1969, Astron. Astrophys. 3, 281.Google Scholar
Gursky, H., Kellogg, E., Murray, S., Leong, C., Tananbaum, H., and Giacconi, R.: 1971, Astrophys. J. Letters 165, L49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, M. J. and Wertz, J. R.: 1972, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 155, 495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidmann, J.: 1967, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 263B, 1186.Google Scholar
Heidmann, J.: 1969, Astrophys. Letters 3, 19.Google Scholar
Heidmann, J., Heidmann, N., and de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1971, Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. 75, Parts 4–6, 85, 105, 121.Google Scholar
Heidmann, N.: 1969, Astrophys. Letters 3, 153, and , Univ. of Paris.Google Scholar
Herschel, J.: 1847, in Results of Astronomical Observations Made During the Years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8 at the Cape of Good Hope, Smith & Co., London.Google Scholar
Hodge, P. W.: 1961, Astron. J. 66, 249, 384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, P. W.: 1963, Astron. J. 68, 470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, P. W.: 1964, Astron. J. 69, 438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, P. W.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 142, 1390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, P. W.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 182, 671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, P. W. and Hitchcock, J. L.: 1966, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 78, 79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, P. W. and Michie, R. W.: 1969, Astron. J. 74, 587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, E.: 1946, Medd. Lund Obs. Ser II, No. 117.Google Scholar
Holmberg, E.: 1950, Medd. Lund Obs. Ser. II, No. 128.Google Scholar
Holmberg, E.: 1958, Medd. Lund Obs. Ser. II, No. 136.Google Scholar
Holmberg, E.: 1964, Arkiv Astron. 3, 387 (= Medd. Uppsala Obs. No. 148).Google Scholar
Holmberg, E.: 1969, Arkiv Astron. 5, 305 (= Medd. Uppsala Obs. No. 166).Google Scholar
Hubble, E.: 1926, Astrophys. J. 64, 321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubble, E.: 1930, Astrophys. J. 71, 231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubble, E.: 1936, Astrophys. J. 84, 158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huchtmeier, W.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 22, 91.Google Scholar
Humason, M. L., Mayall, N. U., and Sandage, A. R.: 1956, Astron. J. 61, 97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, H. L.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 143, 187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, H. M.: 1961, Astrophys. J. 133, 314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karachentsev, I. D.: 1967, Commun. Byurakan Obs. 39, 96.Google Scholar
Karachentseva, V. E.: 1967, Astrofizika 3, 535.Google Scholar
Karachentseva, V. E.: 1972, in Problems of Cosmical Physics, Kiev Univ. Publ. No. 7, p. 150.Google Scholar
Kellogg, E., Gursky, H., Leong, C., Schreier, E., Tananbaum, H., and Giacconi, R.: 1971, Astrophys. J. Letters 165, L49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, F. J.: 1973, Report to Commission 40, IAU meeting, Sydney.Google Scholar
Kiang, T.: 1961, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 122, 263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, I. R.: 1961, Astron. J. 66, 68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, I. R.: 1962, Astron. J. 67, 471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, I. R.: 1966, Astron. J. 71, 64, 276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, I. R. and Kiser, J.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 187, 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, I. R. and Minkowski, R.: 1972, in Evans, D. S. (ed.), ‘External Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects’, IAU Symp. 44, 87.Google Scholar
Kinman, T. D.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 142, 1376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinmann, D. E. and Low, F. J.: 1970a, Astrophys. J. Letters 159, L165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinmann, D. E. and Low, F. J.: 1970b, Astrophys. J. Letters 161, L203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogure, T. and Toya, N.: 1970, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ. XXXIII, No. 2 (Dept. Astron. Kyoto Univ. Rep. No. 41).Google Scholar
Kowal, C. T.: 1969, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 81, 608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuzmin, G. G.: 1952, Publ. Astron. Obs. Tartu 32, 211.Google Scholar
Lasker, B. M.: 1970, Astron. J. 75, 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, W. L. and Bingham, R. G.: 1970, Observatory 90, 13.Google Scholar
Mathews, T. A., Morgan, W. W., and Schmidt, M.: 1964, Astrophys. J. 140, 35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayall, N. U.: 1939, Lick Obs. Bull. 19, No. 497, 33.Google Scholar
Mayall, N. U.: 1948, Sky Telesc. 8, 3.Google Scholar
Mayall, N. U.: 1960, Ann. Astrophys. 23, 344 (= Lick Obs. Bull. No. 566).Google Scholar
Mayall, N. U. and Lindblad, P. O.: 1970, Astron. Astrophys. 8, 364.Google Scholar
McClure, R. D.: 1969, Astron. J. 74, 50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClure, R. D. and van den Bergh, S.: 1968, Astron. J. 73, 313, 1008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGee, R. X.: 1964, Australian J. Phys. 17, 515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGee, R. X. and Milton, J. A.: 1966a, Australian J. Phys. 19, 433.Google Scholar
McGee, R. X. and Milton, J. A.: 1966b, Australian J. Phys., Astrophys. Suppl. No. 2.Google Scholar
Mestel, L.: 1963, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 126, 553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minkowski, R.: 1962, in McVittie, G. C. (ed.), ‘Problems of Extragalactic Research’, IAU Symp. 15, 112.Google Scholar
Minkowski, R. and Osterbrock, D.: 1959, Astrophys. J. 129, 583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchie, R. W.: 1963, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 125, 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W. W.: 1958a, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 70, 372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W. W.: 1958b, in Stoops, R. (ed.), La Structure et l'Evolution de l'Univers, Solvay Conference Rep., Bruxelles, p. 297.Google Scholar
Morton, D. C. and Chevalier, R. A.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 174, 489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, D. C. and Chevalier, R. A.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 179, 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oemler, A.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 180, 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oort, J.: 1940, Astrophys. J. 91, 273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oort, J.: 1965, Trans. IAU XIIA, 789.Google Scholar
Osterbrock, D.: 1960, Astrophys. J. 132, 325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, F. N.: 1973, Radio Sources in Clusters of Galaxies, Ph.D. Dissert., Univ. of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Ozernoy, L. M.: 1967, Astron. Tsirk. USSR, No. 407.Google Scholar
Ozernoy, L. M.: 1969, Zh. Eksperim. Teor. Fiz. (Letters) 10, 394 (= JETP Letters 10, 251) Google Scholar
Page, T. L.: 1965, Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Special Rep. No. 195.Google Scholar
Perek, L.: 1950, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czech. 2, 75.Google Scholar
Poveda, A.: 1958, Bol. Obs. Tonantzintla Tacubaya No. 17.Google Scholar
Poveda, A.: 1961, Astrophys. J. 134, 910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poveda, A., Iturriaga, R., and Orozco, I.: 1960, Bol. Obs. Tonantzintla Tacubaya No. 20, 3.Google Scholar
Randers, G.: 1940, Astrophys. J. 92, 235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeves, G.: 1956, Astron. J. 61, 69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rieke, G. H. and Low, F. J.: 1972, Astrophys. J. Letters 176, L95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, M. S.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 144, 639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, M. S.: 1969, Astron. J. 74, 859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, M. S.: 1972, in Evans, D. S. (ed.), ‘External Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects’, IAU Symp. 44, 12.Google Scholar
Rood, H. J.: 1965, Astron. J. 70, 689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rood, H. J., Rothman, V. C. A., and Turnrose, B. E.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 162, 411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, V. C., Burbidge, E. M., Burbidge, G. R., and Prendergast, K. H.: 1964, Astrophys. J. 140, 80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandage, A.: 1961, The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, Publ. 618, Carnegie Inst. of Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Sandage, A.: 1963, Astrophys. J. 138, 863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandage, A.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 176, 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandage, A.: 1973, Stars and Stellar Systems 9, in press.Google Scholar
Sandage, A., Freeman, K. C., and Stokes, N. R.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 160, 831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandage, A., Tammann, G. A., and Hardy, E.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 172, 253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sargent, W. L. W.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 160, 405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sargent, W. L. W. and Searle, L.: 1970, Astrophys. J. Letters 162, L155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saslaw, W. C.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 160, 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saslaw, W. C.: 1971a, Astrophys. J. 163, 249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saslaw, W. C.: 1971b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 152, 351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saslaw, W. C.: 1972, in Evans, D. S. (ed.), ‘External Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects’, IAU Symp. 44, 93.Google Scholar
Schild, R. and Oke, J. B.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, 209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilt, J., Epstein, I., and Hill, S. J.: 1955, Astron. J. 60, 341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sersic, J. L.: 1957, Revista Astron. XXIX-II, 68 (see also Observatory 78, 24, 1958).Google Scholar
Sersic, J. L.: 1966, Z. Astrophys. 64, 202.Google Scholar
Sersic, J. L.: 1968a, in ‘Non-Stable Phenomena in Galaxies’, IAU Symp. 29, Acad. Sci. Armen. SSR, Yerevan, p. 403.Google Scholar
Sersic, J. L.: 1968b, Atlas de Galaxias Australes, Obs. Astron., Cordoba, Argentina.Google Scholar
Smith, R. T.: 1941, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 53, 187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spinrad, H.: 1966, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 78, 370.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H., Gunn, J. E., Taylor, B. J., McClure, R. D., and Young, J. W.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 164, 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takase, B.: 1967, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 19, 427.Google Scholar
Takase, B. and Kinoshita, H.: 1967, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 19, 209.Google Scholar
Tammann, G. A.: 1972, Astron. Astrophys. 21, 355.Google Scholar
Tifft, W. G.: 1961, Astron. J. 66, 390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tifft, W. G.: 1963, Astron. J. 68, 302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tifft, W. G.: 1969, Astron. J. 74, 354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toomre, A. and Toomre, J.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 178, 623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Bergh, S.: 1959, Publ. David Dunlap Obs. II, No. 5, 147.Google Scholar
van den Bergh, S.: 1960, Astrophys. J. 131, 558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Bergh, S.: 1961, Z. Astrophys. 53, 219.Google Scholar
van den Bergh, S.: 1968, J. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada 62, No. 2, 3; Commun. David Dunlap Obs. No. 195.Google Scholar
van den Bergh, S.: 1972a, in Evans, D. S. (ed.), ‘External Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects’, IAU Symp. 44, 1.Google Scholar
van den Bergh, S.: 1972b, J. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada 66, 237.Google Scholar
van Houten, C. J.: 1961, Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 16, 1.Google Scholar
von Hoerner, S.: 1957, Astrophys. J. 125, 451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. A.: 1959, Atlas and Catalogue of Interacting Galaxies, Sternberg Astron. Inst., Moscow.Google Scholar
Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. A.: 1962, Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies I, Moscow.Google Scholar
Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. A.: 1967, in Modern Astrophysics, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, p. 347.Google Scholar
Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. A.: 1970a, Comm. Sternberg Astron. Inst. Moscow No. 166, p. 3.Google Scholar
Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. A.: 1970b, Astron. Zh. 47, 271 (= Soviet Astron. 14, 222).Google Scholar
Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. A.: 1970c, Astron. Zh. 47, 16 (= Soviet Astron. 14, 11).Google Scholar
Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. A. and Noskova, R. I.: 1971, Astron. Zh. 48, 513 (= Soviet Astron. 15, 402).Google Scholar
Walker, M. F., Blanco, V. M., and Kunkel, W. E.: 1969, Astron. J. 74, 44, 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, P. J., Wright, M. C. H., and Baldwin, J. E.: 1973, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 163, 163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, D. C.: 1972, Integrated Spectral Energy Distributions of Galaxies, Ph.D. Dissert. Univ. of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Wells, D. C.: 1973, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 5, 26.Google Scholar
Welsh, G. A. and Sastry, G. N.: 1971, Astrophys. J. Letters 169, L3.Google Scholar
Westerlund, B. E. and Wall, J. V.: 1969, Astron. J. 74, 335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitford, A. E.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, 215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. B.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 145, 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, R. v. d. R.: 1954, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 114, 191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, R. v. d. R. and Robertson, D. A.: 1956, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 116, 288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zonn, W.: 1968, Acta Astron. 18, 338.Google Scholar
Zwicky, F.: 1937, Astrophys. J. 86, 217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwicky, F.: 1957, Morphological Astronomy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar