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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 August 2017
It is now possible to probe stellar populations at large lookback times. The Butcher-Oemler Effect in distant clusters is unambiguous evidence for unexpectedly recent evolution of disk galaxies in dense environments, probably through starbursts induced by interactions. Recent applications of the “red envelope” test at z ≲ 1 indicate that some luminous galaxies formed ~ 10-13 Gyr ago.