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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 July 2016
After nine years of operation the IUE satellite continues to provide valuable spectra of cool stars from 1200 to 3100 Å. The impact of these spectra has been greatest in studies of the outer regions of the atmospheres, above the photospheres, allowing the general properties of stellar chromospheres, transition regions and winds to be established. After outlining these properties, I focus on studies based on high signal–to–noise echelle spectra (λ/Δλ ∼1.2 ×104) of single stars, showing how high quality emission line profiles have been used to derive constraints on the outer atmospheric structure, which in turn have been used to examine models of heating and mass loss.