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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 August 2015
I discuss four optical methods to locate standard candles (giant E galaxies), which should eventually lead us to reasonably large samples at high z. Redshift criteria and determinations are briefly discussed. The observed faint galaxy colors fit well into a simple model of stellar (galactic) evolution for systems with star-formation confined to a short time interval. Finally a summary of the statistics of blue galaxies in Coma-like clusters (Butcher-Oemler effect) is presented and interpreted.