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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 July 2016
Standard values of astronomical and geodetic constants were adopted in the late nineteenth century for use in the determination of terrestrial and celestial coordinates, and their values were changed subsequently as better values became known. The great improvements in the precision of observation during the past decade has made it necessary to develop reference systems that also include the models and procedures that are used for the analysis of observations by particular techniques. The accurate detemination of the connections between the corresponding reference frames and the adoption of unified standards are major tasks for the future.