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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 July 2016
The solar magnetized surface reveals a stable spin period — the Carrington period — and a stable oscillation period — the Hale period. The latter is traced by each of the low-order multipole moments, whereby the total magnetic energy (near the surface) is more or less constant. This highly non-stochastic structure is reminiscent of a permanent magnetic flux frozen into the Sun's radiative core, and dragged out into the heliosphere by the solar wind. The radius-dependent torque exerted by this magnetic flux can restore the observed system of torsional oscillations of the convection zone.