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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 August 2015
The lone dot in the lower left of Russell's original diagram (1914) was disregarded, since it did not fit into his suggestive scheme of giant-to-dwarf evolution. Bottlinger (1923) - in his nearly forgotten study of photoelectric color indices - seems to be the first who, with the evidence of the then three classical white dwarfs, invoked a new equation of state and clearly rejected all other possibilities of explanation. Kuiper (1941) summarized the knowledge obtained during the thirties, mainly by his spectroscopic work. A decade later Luyten (1952) presented impressive HR diagrams based on admittedly crude color indices and, for many more objects, on reduced proper motions.