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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 May 2016
Most of methods to determine the cosmological parameters by using the gravitational lensing are based on the following three typical observations; (1) the image separation, (2) the lensing statistics and (3) the time delay. For the accurate estimation of the cosmological parameter, it is of great importance to clarify the relation between the observation in the realistic universe and the determination of the cosmological parameters. In particular, it has been discussed by many authors that inhomogeneities of the universe may affect the cosmological tests.