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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2017
In principal, gravitational lenses can be used to study dark matter in a variety of ways. They can provide information on masses of lensing galaxies, circular velocities in halos, the value of Ω in condensed objects, and the constitution of heavy halos (whether they are made of low mass stars or not). They can tell us whether mass and light are distributed equally, provide insights on mass in groups of galaxies and on exotic dark matter such as strings and non zero Λ. As an example, the existance of the normal lens case QSO 2016 with zQ = 3.27 allows one to set the limit qo > −2.3.