Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2017
The formation and maintenance of spiral structure in galaxies is discussed in terms of spiral modes with a general perception consistent with the hypothesis of quasi-stationary spiral structure. The latter is explained in some detail to give it the original proper perspective and to contrast it with recent studies of non-stationary spiral structures. We again emphasize the possible coexistence of fast-evolving spiral features and slow-evolving spiral grand designs. Spiral modes are described in terms of three categories of propagating waves. The reason is given why isolated non-barred galaxies with spiral grand design are found to be mostly two-armed. Some suggestions are made for future research.