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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 May 2016
We analyse the population of PNe and links between binary PNNi and stars which are in the later evolutionary stages. In a model which assumes that all stars are born in binaries, about 16% of PN result from ejection of common envelopes in close binaries, 85% of single PNNi are formed by merger of components of binaries. In the model, 5% of PNNi may be precataclysmic binaries, 5% may be precursors of symbiotic stars, 0.4% may be pre-SN Ia, 0.1% - precursors of hydrogen-deficient giants. About 0.1% of all PNe may be hydrogen-deficient.