Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-12T21:31:33.920Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Empirical Models of Photospheric Flux Tubes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2017

S.K. Solanki
S.K. Solanki*
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Unversity of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, Scotland

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The empirically derived properties of magnetic flux tubes at both ends of the size spectrum, i.e. magnetic elements and sunspots, are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on quantitative results. The following parameters are discussed in greater detail: The strength and structure of the magnetic field, the temperature stratification and the structure of the velocity field.

Type
III. Small-Scale Magnetic Fields
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 138: Solar Photosphere: Structure, Convection and Magnetic Fields , 1990 , pp. 103 - 120
Copyright
Copyright © Kluwer 1990 

References

Abdelatif, T.E., Lites, B.W., Thomas, J.H.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 311, 1015 Google Scholar
Abdussamatov, H.I.: 1976, Solar Phys. 48, 117 Google Scholar
Abdussamatov, H.I., Krat, V.A.: 1970, Solar Phys. 14, 132 Google Scholar
Adjabshirzadeh, H., Koutchmy, S.: 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 122, 1 Google Scholar
Albregtsen, F., Jorås, P.B., Maltby, P.: 1984, Solar Phys. 90, 17 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albregtsen, F., Maltby, P.: 1978, Nature 274, 41 Google Scholar
Auer, L.H., Heasley, J.N.: 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 64, 67 Google Scholar
Balthasar, H., Küveler, G., Wiehr, E.: 1987, Solar Phys. 112, 37 Google Scholar
Beckers, J.M.: 1968, Solar Phys. 3, 258 Google Scholar
Beckers, J.M.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 203, 739–752.Google Scholar
Beckers, J.M., Schröter, E.H.: 1968, Solar Phys. 4, 303 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckers, J.M., Schröter, E.H.: 1969, Solar Phys. 10, 384 Google Scholar
Beckers, J.M., Schultz, R.B.: 1972, Solar Phys. 27, 61 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, P.N., Solanki, S.K.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys. submitted Google Scholar
Brants, J.J., Zwaan, C.: 1982, Solar Phys. 80, 251 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brault, J.W., Noyes, R.W.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 269, L61 Google Scholar
Buurman, J.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 29, 329 Google Scholar
Chang, E.S., Noyes, R.W.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 275, L11 Google Scholar
Chapman, G.A.: 1970, Solar Phys. 14, 315 Google Scholar
Chapman, G.A.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 191, 255 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, G.A.: 1977, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 33, 35 Google Scholar
Chapman, G.A.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 232, 923 Google Scholar
Del Toro Iniesta, J.C., Semel, M., Collados, M., Sánchez Almeida, J.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys. in press.Google Scholar
Deming, D., Boyle, R.J., Jennings, D.E., Wiedemann, G.: 1988, Astrophys. J. 333, 978 Google Scholar
Deubner, F.L.: 1975, Osserv. Mem. Oss. Astrofis. Arcetri 105, 39 Google Scholar
Deubner, F.L., Göhring, R.: 1970, Solar Phys. 13, 118 Google Scholar
Dunn, R.B., Zirker, J.B.: 1973, Solar Phys. 33, 281 Google Scholar
Foukal, P., Fowler, L.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 281, 442 Google Scholar
Frazier, E.N., Stenflo, J.O.: 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 70, 789 Google Scholar
Gingerich, O., Noyes, R.W., Kalkofen, W., Cuny, Y.: 1971, Solar Phys. 18, 347 Google Scholar
Giovanelli, R.G., Brown, N.: 1977, Solar Phys. 52, 27 Google Scholar
Giovanelli, R.G., Livingston, W.C., Harvey, J.W.: 1978, Solar Phys. 59, 49 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giovanelli, R.G., Ramsay, J.V.: 1971, in Solar Magnetic Fields , Howard, R. (Ed.), IAU Symp. 43, 293 Google Scholar
Giovanelli, R.G., Slaughter, C.: 1978, Solar Phys. 57, 255 Google Scholar
Grigorjev, V.M., Katz, J.M.: 1975, Solar Phys. 42, 21 Google Scholar
Grossmann-Doerth, U., Larsson, B., Solanki, S.K.: 1988a, Astron. Astrophys. 204, 266 Google Scholar
Grossmann-Doerth, U., Schmidt, W.: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 95, 366 Google Scholar
Grossmann-Doerth, U., Schmidt, W., Schröter, E.H.: 1986, Astron. Astrophys. 156, 476 Google Scholar
Grossmann-Doerth, U., Schüssler, M., Solanki, S.K.: 1988b, Astron. Astrophys. 206, L37 Google Scholar
Grossmann-Doerth, U., Schüssler, M., Solanki, S.K.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys. in press Google Scholar
Gurman, J.B., House, L.L.: 1981, Solar Phys. 71, 5 Google Scholar
Hagyard, M.J., Teuber, D., West, E.A., Tandberg-Hanssen, E., Henze, W., Beckers, J.M., Bruner, M., Hyder, C.L., Woodgate, B.E.: 1983, Solar Phys. 84, 13 Google Scholar
Hartmann, L.: 1987, in Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun , Linsky, V.J.L., Stencel, R.E. (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 291, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, J.W: 1977, in Highlights of Astronomy , Müller, E.A. (Ed.), Vol. 4, Part II, p. 223 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, J.W., Hall, D.: 1975, Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 7, 459.Google Scholar
Henson, G.D., Kemp, J.C.: 1984, Solar Phys. 93, 289 Google Scholar
Hirayama, T.: 1978, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 30, 337 Google Scholar
Hirayama, T., Hamana, S., Mizugaki, K.: 1985, Solar Phys. 99, 43 Google Scholar
Ichimoto, K.: 1987, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 39, 329 Google Scholar
Illing, R.M.E., Landman, D.A., Mickey, D.L.: 1974a, Astron. Astrophys. 35, 327 Google Scholar
Illing, R.M.E., Landman, D.A., Mickey, D.L.: 1974b, Astron. Astrophys. 37, 97 Google Scholar
Illing, R.M.E., Landman, D.A., Mickey, D.L.: 1975, Astron. Astrophys. 41, 183 Google Scholar
Ioshpa, B.A., Obridko, V.N.: 1965, Soln. Dannye 3, 54 Google Scholar
Kawakami, H.: 1983, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 35, 459 Google Scholar
Keller, C.U.: 1988, Diplomarbeit , E.T.H. Zürich.Google Scholar
Keller, C.U., Tarbell, T.D., Title, A.M., Solanki, S.K., Stenflo, J.O.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys. submitted Google Scholar
Kemp, J.C., Henson, G.D.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 266, L69 Google Scholar
Kemp, J.C., Henson, G.D., Steiner, C.T., Powell, E.R.: 1987a, Nature 326, 270 Google Scholar
Kemp, J.C., Macek, J.H., Nehring, F.W.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 278, 863 Google Scholar
Kjeldseth-Moe, O., Maltby, P.: 1974, Solar Phys. 35, 101 Google Scholar
Kneer, F.: 1973, Solar Phys. 28, 361 Google Scholar
Kneer, F., Mattig, W., Von Uexküll, M.: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 102, 147 Google Scholar
Knölker, M., Schüssler, M.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 202, 275 Google Scholar
Kollatschny, W., Stellmacher, G., Wiehr, E., Falipou, M.A.: 1980, Astron. Astrophys. 86, 245 Google Scholar
Koutchmy, S.: 1977, Astron. Astrophys. 61, 397 Google Scholar
Koutchmy, S., Adjabshirzadeh, A.: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 99, 111 Google Scholar
Koutchmy, S., Stellmacher, G.: 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 67, 93 Google Scholar
Krat, V.A., Karpinsky, V.N., Pravidjuk, L.M.: 1972, Solar Phys. 26, 305 Google Scholar
Küveler, G., Wiehr, E.: 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 142, 205 Google Scholar
Landi Degl'Innocenti, E.: 1985, in Theoretical Problems in High Resolution Solar Physics , Schmidt, H.U. (Ed.), Max Planck Inst. f. Astrophys., Munich, p. 162 Google Scholar
Landman, D.A., Finn, G.D.: 1979, Solar Phys. 63, 221 Google Scholar
Lemke, M. Holweger, H.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 173, 375 Google Scholar
Lites, B.W.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 301, 992 Google Scholar
Lites, B.W.: 1988, Astrophys. J. 334, 1054 Google Scholar
Lites, B.W., Scharmer, G.: 1989, in High Spatial Resolution Solar Observations , Von der Lühe, O. (Ed.), Sacramento Peak, NM, in press.Google Scholar
Lites, B.W., Skumanich, A.: 1989, Astrophys. J. in press Google Scholar
Lites, B.W., Thomas, J.H.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 294, 682 Google Scholar
Makita, M.: 1986, Solar Phys. 106, 269 Google Scholar
Maltby, P.: 1972, Solar Phys. 26, 76 Google Scholar
Maltby, P., Avrett, E.H., Carlsson, M., Kjeldseth-Moe, O., Kurucz, R.L., Loeser, R.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 306, 284 Google Scholar
Mamadazimov, M.: 1912, Solar Phys. 22, 129 Google Scholar
Martin, S.F.: 1988, Solar Phys. 117, 243 Google Scholar
Mattig, W.: 1961, Mitt. Astron. Gesell. Hamburg 14, 47 Google Scholar
Mehltretter, J.P.: 1974, Solar Phys. 38, 43 Google Scholar
Muller, R.: 1973, Solar Phys. 32, 409 Google Scholar
Muller, R.: 1983, Solar Phys. 85, 113 Google Scholar
Muller, R., Keil, S.L.: 1983, Solar Phys. 87, 243 Google Scholar
Mürset, U., Solanki, S.K., Stenflo, J.O.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 204, 279 Google Scholar
Musman, S., Nye, A.H., Thomas, J.H.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 206, L175 Google Scholar
Obridko, V.N.: 1968, Bull. Astron. Inst. Chechoslovakia 19, 183 Google Scholar
Obridko, V.N., Staude, J.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 189, 232 Google Scholar
Pahlke, K.-D.: 1988, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Göttingen Google Scholar
Pantellini, F.G.E., Solanki, S.K., Stenflo, J.O.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 189, 263 Google Scholar
Rachkovsky, D.N., Tsap, T.T.: 1985, Izv. Krymskoj Astrofiz. Obs. 71, 79 Google Scholar
Rees, D.E., Semel, M.D.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys. 74, 1 Google Scholar
Robinson, R.D.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 239, 961 Google Scholar
Robinson, R.D., Worden, S.P., Harvey, J.W.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 236, L155 Google Scholar
Saar, S.H.: 1988, Astrophys. J. 324, 441 Google Scholar
Sánchez Almeida, J., Collados, M., Del Toro Iniesta, J.C.: 1988a, Astron. Astrophys. 201, L37 Google Scholar
Sánchez Almeida, J., Collados, M., Del Toro Iniesta, J.C.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys. in press Google Scholar
Sánchez Almeida, J., Solanki, S.K., Collados, M., del Toro Iniesta, J.C.: 1988b, Astron. Astrophys. 196, 266 Google Scholar
Scholiers, W., Wiehr, E.: 1985, Solar Phys. 99, 349 Google Scholar
Schüssler, M.: 1986, in Small Scale Magnetic Flux Concentrations in the Solar Photosphere , Deinzer, W., Knölker, M., Voigt, H.H. (Eds.), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, p. 103 Google Scholar
Schüssler, M., Solanki, S.K.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 192, 338 Google Scholar
Shine, R.A., Linsky, J.L.: 1974, Solar Phys. 37, 145 Google Scholar
Schmahl, G.: 1967, Z. Astrophys. 66, 81 Google Scholar
Skumanich, A., Lites, B.W.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 322, 483 Google Scholar
Sobotka, M.: 1988, Bull. Astron. Inst. Czechoslovakia 39, 236 Google Scholar
Sobotka, M.: 1989, Solar Phys. in press Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K.: 1986, Astron. Astrophys. 168, 311 Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys. in press Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K., Keller, C., Stenflo, J.O.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 188, 183 Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K., Pahlke, K.D.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 201, 143 Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K., Roberts, B.: 1989, in Proc. Chapman Conference on Magnetic Flux Ropes, Russell, C.T. (Ed.), in press Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K., Steenbock, W.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 189, 243 Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K., Stenflo, J.O.: 1984, Astron. Astrophys. 140, 185 Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K., Stenflo, J.O.: 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 148, 123 Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K., Stenflo, J.O.: 1986, Astron. Astrophys. 170, 120 Google Scholar
Solanki, S.K., Zayer, I., Stenflo, J.O.: 1989, in High Spatial Resolution Solar Observations , Von der Lühe, O. (Ed.), Sacramento Peak, NM, in press.Google Scholar
Soltau, D., Schröter, E.H., Wöhl, H.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 50, 367 Google Scholar
Stellmacher, G., Wiehr, E.: 1973, Astron. Astrophys. 29, 13 Google Scholar
Stellmacher, G., Wiehr, E.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys. 75, 263 Google Scholar
Stenflo, J.O.: 1973, Solar Phys. 32, 41 Google Scholar
Stenflo, J.O.: 1975, Solar Phys. 42, 79 Google Scholar
Stenflo, J.O.: 1988, Solar Phys. 114, 1 Google Scholar
Stenflo, J.O.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 1, 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stenflo, J.O., Harvey, J.W.: 1985, Solar Phys. 95, 99 Google Scholar
Stenflo, J.O., Harvey, J.W., Brault, J.W., Solanki, S.K.: 1984, Astron. Astrophys. 131, 333 Google Scholar
Stenflo, J.O., Solanki, S.K., Harvey, J.W.: 1987a, Astron. Astrophys. 171, 305 Google Scholar
Stenflo, J.O., Solanki, S.K., Harvey, J.W.: 1987b, Astron. Astrophys. 173, 167 Google Scholar
Stenholm, L.G., Stenflo, J.O.: 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 67, 33 Google Scholar
Stepanov, V.E.: 1965, IAU Symp. 22, 267 Google Scholar
Sun, W.-H., Giampapa, M.S., Worden, S.P.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 312, 930 Google Scholar
Tarbell, T.D., Title, A.M.: 1977, Solar Phys. 52, 13 Google Scholar
Title, A.M., Tarbell, T.D., Topka, K.P.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 317, 892 Google Scholar
Van Ballegooijen, A.A.: 1984, Solar Phys. 91, 195 Google Scholar
Van Ballegooijen, A.A.: 1985a, in Measurements of Solar Vector Magnetic Fields , Hagyard, M.J. (Ed.), NASA Conf. Publ. 2374, p. 322 Google Scholar
Van Ballegooijen, A.A.: 1985b, in Theoretical Problems in High Resolution Solar Physics , Schmidt, H.U. (Ed.), Max Planck Inst. f. Astrophys., Munich, p. 167 Google Scholar
Van Ballegooijen, A.A.: 1985c, in Theoretical Problems in High Resolution Solar Physics , Schmidt, H.U. (Ed.), Max Planck Inst. f. Astrophys., Munich, p. 177.Google Scholar
Vernazza, J.E., Avrett, E.H., Loeser, R.: 1981, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 45, 635 Google Scholar
Von der Lühe, O.: 1989, in High Spatial Resolution Solar Observations , Von der Lühe, O. (Ed.), Sacramento Peak, NM, in press.Google Scholar
Walton, S.R.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 312, 909 Google Scholar
Wiehr, E.: 1978, Astron. Astrophys. 69, 279 Google Scholar
Wiehr, E.: 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 149, 217 Google Scholar
Wiehr, E.: 1987, in Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, V., Linsky, J.L., Stencel, R.E. (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 291, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 54 Google Scholar
Wiehr, E., Stellmacher, G.: 1985, in High Resolution in Solar Physics, Lect. Notes in Phys. 233, 254 Google Scholar
Wiehr, E., Stellmacher, G., Knölker, M., Grosser, H.: 1986, Astron. Astrophys. 155, 402 Google Scholar
Wittmann, A.D.: 1971, Solar Phys. 20, 365 Google Scholar
Wittmann, A.D.: 1974, Solar Phys. 36, 29 Google Scholar
Zayer, I., Solanki, S.K., Stenflo, J.O.: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. in press Google Scholar
Zirin, H., Popp, B.: 1989, Astrophys. J. in press Google Scholar
Zwaan, C., Brants, J.J., Cram, L.E.: 1985, Solar Phys. 95, 3 Google Scholar