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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 July 2016
Comprehensive testing of alternative cosmologies on the basis of complete samples of discrete sources is described. Application is made to the comparison of the Friedman and chronometric cosmologies (denoted C1 and C2) using quasar samples. C2 predicts the results of analyses predicated on C1 that represent evolution in the C1 framework, but is itself nonevolutionary, nonparametric, and consistent with observation.