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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 May 2016
There is now overwhelming evidence that spiral galaxies can experience nuclear outflows, from radio lobes perpendicular to the disks of edge-on galaxies (Hummel et al. 1983), to optical ionization cones (see list in Wilson and Tsvetanov 1994), to spectacular X-ray emission extending many kpc beyond the disk (e.g. Dahlem et al. 1996). These observations indicate that hot and/or energetic components of the ISM can escape away from the plane of the galaxy from their origin in the nuclear vicinity.