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Irish Scholarship and the Renaissance, 1580-1673

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2019

John J. Silke
John J. Silke*
Affiliation:
Columbia University
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Extract

The diffusion of the Renaissance in Ireland was in fact late. But to say of Ireland that ‘She was practically untouched by the renaissance’, as one authority of fifteenth-century Ireland has, is an overstatement. It will be the thesis sustained here that when it reached what Tasso called divisa dal mundo ultima Irlanda it had a powerful impact, both culturally and politically. It came principally as an adjunct of the new religious ferment. In Europe the Reformation preceded the Counter-Reformation; in England they synchronized, but in Ireland the Counter-Reformation was established before the Reformation had made any real headway. Religious issues were strongly colored by the new learning, so that the religio-cultural conflicts in Ireland were sharper than anywhere else in the British islands.

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Research Article
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Studies in the Renaissance , Volume 20 , 1973 , pp. 169 - 206
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Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 01

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References

1 The present is a modified version of a paper read to the Renaissance Seminar, Columbia University, in May 1972.

2 M. A. Costello, De Annatis Hibcrniae, 1: Ulster, introd. Ambrose Coleman and notes W. H. Grattan Flood (Dundalk, 1909), p. xii.

3 R. D. Edwards, Church and Slate in Tudor Ireland 1534-1603 (Dublin [1935]), pp.190-191.

4 Bibliography of British History: Tudor Period 1485-1603, ed. C. Read (AHA and RHS, 2d ed., New York; 1st ed., Oxford, 1959), p. xi.

5 H. F. Kearney, ‘Ecclesiastical Politics and the Counter-Reformation in Ireland 1618- 48’, Jn. Eccl. Hist., xi(196o), 202. Kearney would admit that Ireland threw up ‘no figure of the same calibre as Campion or Persons’.

6 A select bibliography might include: P. W. A. Asplin, Medieval Ireland c. 1170-1495: A Bibliography of Secondary Works (Dublin, 1971); Charles McNeill, Publications of Irish Interest Published by Irish Authors on the Continent of Europe Prior to the Eighteenth Century (Dublin: Bibliog. Soc. of Ire., 1930); J. C. Beckett, ‘The Confederation of Kilkenny Reviewed’, Historical Studies, n (1959), 29-40; John Bossy, ‘The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Ireland 1596-1641’, Historical Studies, VIII (1971), 155-170; R. D. Edwards, Church and State; idem, ‘Ireland, Elizabeth I and the Counter-Reformation’, in Elizabethan Government and Society, ed. S. T. Bindoffef al. (London, 1961), pp. 315-339; idem, ‘Church and State in … Ireland … 1626-41’, in Measgra i gcuimhne Mhichil Ul Chleirigh, ed. S. O'Brien (Dublin, 1944), pp. 1-20; idem, ‘Irish Catholics and the Puritan Revolution’, in Father Luke Wadding Commemorative Volume, ed. Franciscan Fathers (Dublin, 1957), pp. 93-118; Helga Hammerstein, ‘Aspects of the Continental Education of Irish Students in the Reign of Elizabeth I’, Historical Studies, VIII (1971), 137-154; A History of Irish Catholicism, ed. P. J. Corish, III, various fascicles (Dublin and Melbourne, 1967-1968); H. F. Kearney, ‘Ecclesiastical Polities’, n. 5 above); idem, Strafford in Ireland 1633-41: A Study in Absolutism (Manchester, 1959); F. X. Martin, ‘Ireland, the Renaissance and the Counter-Reformation’, Topic, no. 13 (1967), pp. 23-33; D. B. Quinn, The Elizabethans and the Irish (Ithaca, N.Y., 1966); J. J. Silke, Kinsale: the Spanish Intervention in Ireland at the End of the Elizabethan Wars (Liverpool and New York, 1970); W. B. Stanford, ‘Towards a History of Classical Influences in Ireland’, Royal Ir. Acad. Proc, LXX (1970), sect, c, 13-91.

7 J. C. Beckett, The Making of Modern Ireland 1603-1923 (London, 1966).

8 The Making of Ireland and lis Undoing 1200-1600 (London), p. 447.

9 Kenneth Nicholls, Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages, The Gill History ofIreland, 4 (Dublin, 1972), pp. 4, 16-17.

10 Nicholls, Kenneth, ‘Some Documents on Irish Law and Custom in the Sixteenth Century’, Anal. Hib., XXVI (1970), 103–129 Google Scholar. Cf. Maxwell, Constantia, Irish History from Contemporary Sources 1509-1610 (London, 1923), pp. 60–73 Google Scholar; Hayes-McCoy, G. A., ‘Gaelic Society in Ireland in the Late Sixteenth Century’, Historical Studies, IV (1963), 45–61.Google Scholar

11 Maxwell, op. cit., pp. 58-59.

12 Cf. MacNeill, Eoin, Early Irish Law and Institutions (Dublin, n.d.), pp. 150–152 Google Scholar.

13 Bossy, ‘The Counter-Reformation’, Historical Studies, VIII, p. 157.

14 Canice Mooney, ‘The Church in Gaelic Ireland: Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries’, in P. J. Corish, ed., A History of Irish Catholicism (Dublin, 1969), n.5; idem, ‘The Irish Church in the Sixteenth Century’, Ir. Eccl. Rec, ser. 5, XCIX (1963), 102-113; idem, ‘The First Impact of the Reformation’, in Corish, ed., Irish Catholicism, m.2, 2-8

15 A. F. O'D. Alexander, ed., ‘The O'Kane Papers, Anal. Hib., XII (1943), pp. 67. 127; Séamus 6 Ceallaigh, Cleanings from Ulster History (Cork, 1951), pp. 107-118; Nicholls, Gaelic and Caelicised Ireland, pp. 109-111. Again, with regard to monastic life, it is general to speak of complete secularization in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It has, however, been shown that within Cistercianism there had been not unsuccessful attempts at reform since 1496. Colmcille Conway, in Citeaux, x (1959), 47. Cf. Costello, De Annatis Hiberniae, 1: Ulster, x, xii-xx.

16 Edwards, Elizabethan Government and Society, p. 327.

17 Edwards, op. cit., p. 320.

18 T. W. Moody, ‘The Irish Parliament under Elizabeth and James I: A General Survey’, R.I.A. Proc, XLV (1939), sect, c, 49-71; cf. Edwards, Elizabethan Government and Society, p. 336; J. J. Silke, ‘Peter Lombard and James V, Ir. Theoi. Quart., XXII (1955), 130; F. X. Martin, Friar Nugent: A Study of Francis Lavalin Nugent (1569-1635), Agent of the Counter-Reformation (Rome and London, 1962), passim.

19 Created Baron Chichester in 1613.

20 Created Earl of Strafford in 1640.

21 Historical Studies, n, 32, 35.

22 Sec below, pp. 189,193-194.

23 P. O'Sullivan Beare, Selections from the Zoilomastix, ed. T. J. O'Donnell (Dublin: Ir. MSS Coram., 1960), Liber v, c. in, pp. 61-63.

24 Quoted in W. E. H. Lecky, A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, 5 vols. (London, 1892), I, 146. 25 Stanford, ‘Towards a History’, pp. 39-42.

26 Quoted in J. F. Kenney, Sources for the Early History of Ireland: Ecclesiastical (New York, 1929; 2d ed., New York and Shannon, 1966), p. 35.

27 Francis Shaw, in Seven Centuries of Irish Learning 1000-1700, ed. Brian O Cuiv (Thomas Davis Lectures: Dublin, 1961), p. 96.

28 Stanford, art. cit., in R.I.A. Proc, LXX, pp. 45-46.

29 On Irish libraries, cf. Mooney, in Corish, ed., Irish Catholicism, n.5, pp. 32-33.

30 F. O'Connor [pseud. Michael O'Donovan], A Short History of Irish Literature: A Backward Look (New York, 1967), pp. 97-108; Robin Flower, The Irish Tradition (Oxford, 1947), pp. 142-164. Cf. Ddnta grddha, ed. T. F. O'Rahilly (2d ed., Dublin, 1926), pp. xii-xxxiv (introd. by Flower).

31 Corish, ed., Irish Catholicism, III.8, p. 4.

32 On trade and on pilgrimages, cf. Green, Making of Ireland, passim; idem. The Old Irish World (Dublin, 1912), pp. 123-124, 127; on Observant reform, F. X. Martin, ‘The Irish Augustinian Reform Movement in the Fifteenth Century’, in Medieval Studies: Presented 10 A. O. Gwynn, S.J., ed.J. A. Watt et al. (Dublin, 1961), pp. 230-264; on recourse to Rome, R. D. Edwards, ‘The Kings of England and Papal Provisions in Fifteenth Century Ireland’, ibid., pp. 265-282, and C. Mooney, in A History of Irish Catholicism, m.2, p. 3; on the end of Irish associations with the Schottenkloster, A. Gwynn, ‘Some Notes on the history of the Irish and Scottish Benedictine Monasteries in Germany’, Innes Rev., v (1954), 5-27. Cf. C. Mooney, ‘Irish Franciscan Libraries of the Past, I.E.R., ser. 5, ix(1942), 215-228.

33 F. Shaw, ‘Medieval Medico-Philosophical Treatises in the Irish Language’, in Fiilsgribhinn ESin Mhic Neill, ed.J. Ryan (1940), p. 145; cf. Gleanings from Irish Manuscripts, ed. P. Walsh (Dublin, 1933), pp. 123-144.

34 Cf. W. Heist, Vitae SS. Hib. ex codice … Salmanticensi (Brussels: Soc. des Bollandistes, 1965), p. ix; Leabhar Chlainne Suiblme, ed. Paul Walsh (Dublin, 1920), pp. xliv-lix.

35 A. Gwynn, in Corish, ed., Irish Catholicism, 11.4 (1968), pp. 73-74.

36 Cf. S. Ó Ceallaigh, Gleanings from Ulster History, p. 112.

37 Mauritius a Portu, who died as Archbishop of Tuam in 1513. A bibliography will be found in De Doctrina loannis Dims Scoti: Acta Congressiis Scotistici Intemationalis, IV (Rome, 1968), p. 385.

38 Paraclesis to Novum Instrumentitm (Basle, 1516). Cf. Preserved Smith, Erasmus (New York and London, 1923), p. 184, n. 1. St. Chrysostom may have suggested to Erasmus this passage on Bible reading. Cf. his Homily 35 on Genesis xn. Migne, P.G., mi, 323.

39 [James Ware], The Historic ojIreland.. .by .. . Hanmer, Campion and Spencer (1633; 2d ed. entitled Ancient Irish Histories [Dublin, 1809; reissued, Port Washington, N.Y. and London, 1970]), p. 124.

40 Edward Cahill, I.E.R., ser. 5, LIV (1939), 129-131.

41 D. F. Cregan, ‘Irish Catholic Admissions to the English Inns of Court 1558-1625’, Ir. Jurist, N.S., v (1970), 9S-“4.

42 ‘ … the ungodly lawyers are not only sworn enemies to the truth but also for lack of due execution of law, the outthrowers of the country’ (Brady, Anglican bishop of Meath, to Cecil, 14 Mar. 1564, quoted in Myles Ronan, The Reformation in Ireland under Elizabeth 1558-80 [London, 1930], pp. 103-104).

43 J. P. Mahaffy, An Epoch in Irish History: Trinity College, Dublin 1391-1660 (London, 1903), p. 46. Cf. D. F. Cregan, ‘Irish Recusant Lawyers in Politics in the Reign ofjames I’, Ir. Jurist, N.S., v (1970), 306-320.

44 P. Guilday, The English Catholic Refugees on the Continent 1558-1795, I (London, 1914), 64.

45 Thomas Knox, Douay Diaries [i.e., Records of the English Catholics under the Penal Laws…, 1: The First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douay… ] (London, 1878- 1882), p. 272; list of English, Irish and Scotch who took degrees in theology at the university of Douay 1564-1587.

46 Les établissements desjisuites en France depuis qualre siècles: répertoire topobibliographique, ed. Pierre Delattre, 5 vols. (Belgium, 1949-1957), IV, 93; Martin, Friar Nugent, pp. 13-14.

47 Cf. B. Jennings, ‘Irish Students at the University of Louvain’, in Measgra Mhichll Ui Chléirigh, ed. S. O'Brien (Dublin, 1944), pp. 74-97.

48 E.g., Richard Creagh, Archbishop of Armagh (1564- c. 1586), David Wolf, S.J., apostolic commissary (1561-1573), and Edmund Tanner, later (1574-1579) Bishop of Cork.

49 Ronan, Reformation in Ireland under Elizabeth, p. xxvi.

50 The Jesuit Antonio Possevin's scheme for educating young Swedes in Pomerania is also noteworthy. Cf. Hammerstein, ‘Aspects of the Continental Education’, pp. 142-143.

51 Stat. Ire., 28 Hen. VIII, c. 15.

52 See Archbishop George Brown's ‘scheme’ for a university, in 1547, printed in Mahaffy, An Epoch, pp. 99-103.

53 Stat. Ire., 12 Eliz., c. 1. Cf. Richard Bagwell, Ireland under the Tudors, 3 vols. (London, 1885-1890; reprint, 3 vols., London, 1963), n, 176.

54 Cf. John Begley, The Diocese of Limerick in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Dublin, 1927), p. 161.

55 Hammerstein, ‘Aspects of the Continental Education, pp. 139, 140.

56 ‘Education and Learning’, in New Cambridge Modem History, ed. R. B. Wernham (Cambridge, 1968), III, 450.

57 In the North and West, at the turn of the century, we hear of the schools of, among others, Masters Oliver O'Hosey—this famous teacher attracted students from all four provinces—James Walters, Henry Hart, Isaac Lally or Mulally, and Bernard Morrison; in the Southwest, those of Thaddeus Falvey, Dennot Leyn, and Richard Boly. Cf. Archil/. Hib., 11 (1913), 9-36. Lally seems to have conformed in 1615 under pressure. Cf. Galway Arch. Hist. Soc.Jn., xxxi (1964-1965), 21.

58 P. J. Corish, in Ir. Calk Hist. Co. Proc. (1957), p. 10.

59 Cf. Henry Foley, Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, vii.i (London, 1882) and n (1883), passim; T. Corcoran, ‘Early Irish Jesuit Educators’, Studies, XXIX, (194o), 545-560; xxx (1941), 59-74. But there were limits to what could be done. The Jesuits were emboldened to open a secondary school, with faculties of theology and Scripture, in Dublin itself in 1627, and Stephen White came home to teach there. But Trinity College saw such a threat to itself here that the Jesuit school was forcibly closed in 1629. Little, G. A., ‘The Jesuit University of Dublin, c. 1627’, Dub. Hist. Rec, XII (1952), 34–47 Google Scholar. Hopes of restoring Irish studies in a university milieu during the confederation were dashed by the Cromwellian victory. Kenney, Sources, p. 45.

60 Jennings, B., Michael O Cleirigh and his associates (Dublin and Cork, 1936), p. 176 Google Scholar.

61 For a brief period under James II Catholic schools reappeared, but generally the schools, such as the Kilkenny school and the Latin school at Athlone that was conducted by the Thewles family, were now in Protestant hands. Swift, Congreve, and George Berkeley were all students at Kilkenny College, which still flourishes. Edward Mac- Lysaght, Irish Life in the Seventeenth Century, 2d ed. (Cork, 1950), pp. 300-301.

62 Hammerstein, ‘Aspects at the Continental Education’, p. 140.

63 Spicilegium Ossoriense, ed. P. F. Moran 3 vols. (Dublin, 1874-1884), 1,138-139.

64 Walsh, ed., Cleanings from Irish Manuscripts, pp. 135, 138, 143, 152.

65 Payne, R., A Briefe Description of Ireland Made in 1589 (London, 1589 and 1590)Google Scholar; repr. in Ir. Archaeol. Soc, Tracts Relating to Ireland, 1 (Dublin, 1841), no. 2, p. 3.

66 John Lynch, Cambrensis Eversus (1662; 2d ed., ed. M. Kelly, 3 vols., Dublin, 1848- 1852), 1, 192: Lingua Hibemica per omnes Hiberniae regiones sic hodie diffusa est ut ubique fermefit vemacula. Cf. Peter Lombard, De Regno Hiberniae Sanctorum Insula Commentarius (written 1600) (Louvain, 1632; 2d ed., ed. P. F. Moran, Dublin, 1868), p. 4; Paul Walsh, ‘The Irish Language and the Reformation’, I.T.Q., xv (1920), 244-245; Edward Cahill, “The Irish Language and Tradition”, I.E.R., ser. 5, LIV (1939), 129-131.

67 Archiv. Hib., n (1913), 8-36.

68 Roderick O'Flaherty, A Chorographical Description of West or hlar-Connaught, ed., Jas. Hardiman (Dublin, 1845: Ir. Archaeol. Soc), pp. 34-35, 214-215, 420-421; Timothy Corcoran, State Policy in Irish Education (Dublin, 1916), p. 65; M. D. O'Sullivan, ‘The Lay School at Galway in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, Galway Archaeol. Soc.Jn., xv (1931), 1-32; Michael Quane, “Galway Classical School”, ibid., xxxi (1964- 1965), 16-24.

69 Rabbitte, J., ‘Alexander Lynch, Schoolmaster’, ibid., XVII (1936), 34–42 Google Scholar; Gwynn, A., ‘John Lynch's “De Praesulibus Hiberniae”’, Studies, XXXIV (1945), 37–52 Google Scholar.

70 By Power, Patrick, in Studies, XXVI (1947), 273 Google Scholar.

71 J. Lynch, De Praesulibus Hiberniae, ed. J. F. O'Doherty, 2 vols. (Dublin: Ir. MSS Coinm., 1944), n, 137.

72 In Holinshed, Chronicles (London, 1577), p. vi.

73 Cf. Mallet, C. E., A History of the University of Oxford, 3 vols. (London, 1924; repr., London and N.Y., 1968), I, 262 Google Scholar.

74 Cf. T. Corcoran, ‘Early Irish Jesuit Educators’, p. 556. Baron lectured first in philosophy and then in theology for over twenty years at St. Isidore's, Rome. After that he traveled widely throughout Europe, and was for a time historiographer and theologian to Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Cf. Millett, B., in De Doclrina Ioannis Duns Scott: Acta Congressus Scotistici Internationalis, 4 vols. (Rome, 1968), IV, 406 Google Scholar.

75 We have records of fourteen pupils of the school who from 1601 to 1619 went on to the Irish College, Salamanca: Whites, Waddings, and Lombards. Cf. Arclxiv. Hib., n, (1913). 13-33.

76 Cui / Multum nostra debet Italia / Dum ex Hibernia sua / Musas hue advexit / Elegantiores, ac succi plenas. B. Baron, Metra miscellanea (1657), p. 248, quoted in T. Wall, ‘Parnassus in Waterford: apropos of Latin Proses’, I.E.R., ser. 5, LXDC (1947), 716. On Baron, cf. also Gregory Cleary, Father Luke Wadding and St. Isidore's College (Rome, 1925). pp. 88-100; B. Millett, ‘Bonaventure Baron’, in Siege of Clonmel Commemoration, eds. P. O'Connell and W. C. Darmody (Clonmel, 1950), pp. 41-46; T. Wall, ‘A Distinguished Irish Humanist’, I.E.R., ser. 5, Lxvn (1946), 92-102, 317-327.

77 It was Walsh who welcomed Prince Charles to Madrid in 1624 with a Latin parenesis. Cf. T. Wall, ‘Parnassus in Waterford’, p. 720.

78 Style came naturally to the Barons. When Geoffry was being sent to the gallows at Limerick in 1651, this distinguished classical scholar and lawyer got permission to don his suit of scarlet and white, symbolic colors of martyrdom and innocence. His merry man ner astounded his executioners. No doubt he remembered More—and perhaps Lucius Cary at Newbury.

79 Mahaffy, An Epoch, p. 112.

80 Cf. Guilday, English Catholic Refugees, I, 64-66; Philip Hughes, The Reformation in England, in (New York, 1954), 287.

81 Léon van der Essen, Uuniversité de Louvain 1425-1Q40 (Brussels, 1945), pp. 17-61; Poncelet, Alfred, Histoire de la Compagnie de jéus dans les anciens Pays-Bas .. .jusqu a lafin du règne d'Albert et d'Isabelle, 2 vols. (Brussels, 1927), I, 31 Google Scholar.

82 See below, pp. 198-200.

83 Alan P. Farrell, The Jesuit Code of Liberal Education: Development and Scope of the Ratio Studiorum (Milwaukee, 1938), pp. 29-31.

84 Cal. S. P. Ire., 1611-14, P- 394- For Barnewall, cf. D.N.B.

85 Cal. Carew MSS, 1575-88, pp. 480-481.

86 Hammerstein, ‘Aspects of the Continental Education’, pp. 147, 151; Martin, Friar Nugent, pp. 15, 165.

87 Memorandum by the Confessor (Fray Gaspar de Cordoba) on representations made by the Archbishop of Cashel, Madrid, 4 Feb. 1611. A.G.S., Estado 840, f. 58.

88 On the Irish colleges, cf. bibliography in Kenney, Sources, p. 29, n. 91; John Brady, ‘Father Christopher Cusack and the Irish College of Douai 1594-1624’, in Measgra Mhichíl Uí Chléirigh, pp. 98-107; idem, “The Irish Colleges in Europe and the Counter-Reformation', Ir. Cath. Hist. Co. Proc, 1957, pp. 1-8; Hammerstein, ‘Aspects of the Continental Education’, pp. 137-154. A chapter by this writer in the forthcoming A New History of Ireland, m (under auspices of Royal Irish Academy), will deal in part with the subject.

89 Cf. Conway, Colmcille, ‘Studies in Irish Cistercian History’, Citeaux, XVI (1965)Google Scholar- xx (1969),passim; F. M.Jones, “The Counter-Reformation”, in Corish, ed., Irish Catholicism III, 3; and B. Millett, ‘Survival and Reorganisation’, ibid., III, 7.

90 It was closed at the French revolution (as were the majority of the Irish colleges) but was reopened by the Irish Franciscans in 1927.

91 C. Mooney, ‘The Golden Age of the Irish Franciscans 1615-50’, in Measgra Mhichíl Uí Chléirigh, pp. 21-33.

92 A list of alumni of Douay made in 1622 (Archiv. Hib., xIV, 75-82 [1-49]) mentions only priests, as does one of 1636 for Antwerp (pp. 85-86); but cf. with list of 1613 (Cal. Carcw MSS, 1603-24, pp. 285-286). This latter list reports that over eighty sons of the nobility, who had not embraced the religious life, were alumni of Douay. Cf. Measgra Mhichíl Uí Chléirigh, p. 103.

93 Henry Fitzsimon, S.J., On the Masse (1611), quoted in I.E.R., ser. l, ix (1872-1873), 266-267.

94 Mahafry, An Epoch, p. 61.

95 Lombard, De Regno Hiberniae … Commentarius, ed. Moran, p. 124.

96 Cf. Dub. Hist. Rec, xm (1952), 38.

97 D.N.B. For a list of his writings, cf., besides Sommervogel, G. A. Little, in Dub. Hist. Rec, xm (1952), 39.

98 H.M.C. rep. 10, app. 5, pp. 368-369, quoted in Timothy Corcoran, Studies in the History of Classical Teaching, Irish and Continental 1500-1700 (Dublin, 1911), pp. 27-28.

99 The students at Tournai were to speak Latin and French. Archiv. Hib., XIV (1949), 84.

100 Corcoran, believing (apparently wrongly) that White had matriculated together with Ussher at T.C.D., saw also a Trinity influence. James Ussher (1581-1656) was the very learned Anglican Archbishop of Armagh, celebrated for, among other writings, Veterum Epistolarum Hibernkarum Sylloge (1632), Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates (1693) and editions of Polycarp and Irenaeus. Trinity did not live up to its early promise, until William Bedell, the old adviser of Sarpi, became provost (1627-1629) and made a serious attempt to restore learning and discipline. He prescribed Latin at commons and also, with a pastoral view, an Irish lecture. But by now, and in spite of the fact that Robert Ussher, Bedell's successor, had the rival Jesuit college closed down, victory in the religious conflict lay with the Counter-Reformation priests.

101 Sir James Ware, Whole Works, 3 vols, in 2, ed. W. Harris (Dublin, 1739-1745), n: Antiquities, 251.

102 Fl. 825. Kenney, Sources, p. 531.

103 The forthcoming New History of Ireland will contain a chapter, ‘Literature in Latin 1550-1690’, by Benignus Millett, O.F.M.

104 The Protestant version of the New Testament was published in Dublin in 1602 (Bibliog. IT. Phil, and Lit., ed. R. I. Best [Dublin, 1913], p. 243); while the Old Testament version sponsored by Bedell (Two Biographies of William Bedell, ed. E. S. Shuckburgh [Cambridge, 1902], pp. 55-56, 131-145) was published.in London in 1686.

105 Ó Ceallaigh, Cleanings from Ulster History, pp. 106-107.

106 Kenney, Sources, p. 37.

107 Cf. Costello, De Annatis Hiberniae, 1: Ulster, p. xii; J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain 1469- 1716 (London, 1963), pp. 40-41.

108 Ó Ceallaigh, Gleanings from Ulster History, p.106.

109 The first hagiological publication was Henry Fitzsimon, S.J., Catalogus Praecipuerum sanctorum Hibemiae (1611), ed. P. Grosjean, in Féil-sgríbhinn Eóin Mhic néll, pp. 335-393.

110 Cf. Grosjean, P., ‘Hibernica e Schedules Bollandianis’, Anal. Boll., L (1932), 139–146 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ‘Un soldat de fortune irlandais au service des “Acta Sanctorum“: O'Sullivan Beare, Philippe et Bolland, Jean (1634)', Anal. Boll., LXXXI (1963), 418–446 Google Scholar.

111 AA. SS., Ian., 1, 47-49.

112 H.M.C. rep 4, app., p. 604.

113 Cf. B. Jennings, Michael O Cleirigh; Victor Sheppard, ‘Brother Michael O'Clery (1575-1643)’ in The Irish Way, ed. F.J. Sheed (London, 1934), pp. 168-201; Mooney, Canice, ‘St Anthony's College, Louvain’, Donegal Annual, VIII (1969), 18–48 Google Scholar.

114 Cf. Kenney, Sources, pp. 41-46

115 Acta Sanctorum … Hibemiac… tomus primus (Louvain, 1645); reprod., with introd. Jennings, B. [I.M.C.: Dublin, 1948]: Triadis Thaumaturgac (Louvain, 1647)Google Scholar. He also published a short life of Duns Scotus (Antwerp, 1655).

116 Cf. C. Mooney, ‘Father John Colgan, O.F.M.: His Work and Times and Literary Milieu’, in Father Colgan, O.F.M., cd. T. O'Donnell (Dublin, 1959), pp. 7-40; Bieler, Ludwig, ‘John Colgan as Editor’, Fran. Studies, VIII (1948), 1–24 Google Scholar. Plummer, C., Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1910)Google Scholar, edits Cod. Kilk. Heist's edition of Cod. Salm. improves on the older Bollandist edition. Cod. Insul. remains as yet unedited.

117 Foras Feasa ar Eirinn (‘Elements of the History of Ireland’), ed. David Comyn and P. S. Dineen (London: Ir. Texts Soc, 1902-1914).

118 On the attacks by the English antiquarians and the Irish replies, cf. T.J. O'Donnell, ed., Selections from the Zoilomastix of Philip O'Sullivan Beare, pp. xii-xix; cf. Martin, F.X., ‘Gerald of Wales: Anglo-Norman Reporter in Ireland’, Studies, LVIII (1969), 279–292 Google Scholar.

119 The medico-philosophical writers had also rejected the archaic style of the litterateurs and for two centuries had been developing a simpler prose suited to the practical needs of medicine. Francis Shaw, in Seuen Centuries of Irish Learning, p. 100. Keating of course reached a much wider audience. See n. 27.

120 Silke, J. J., ‘Peter Lombard and James I’, I.T.Q., XXII (1955), 124–149 Google Scholar.

121 Father Luke Wadding, ed. Franciscan Fathers, pp. 234, n. 11, and 298, n. 17, notes literature on Lombard. A. Bellesheim, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche in Irland, 3 vols. (Mainz, 1890-1891), II, 231-234, 322-325, offers the best general account. The article in D.N.B. needs correction. Cf. Silke, , ‘Later Relations between Primate Peter Lombard and Hugh O'Neill', I.T.Q., XXII (1955), 15 Google Scholar. 122 Historiae Catholicae Hibemiae Compendium (Lisbon, 1621; 2d ed., M. Kelly, Dublin, 1850).

123 In Zoilomastix (a. 118 above) and in Patritiana Decas (Madrid, 1629). Again, his work has its value: Zoilomastix has useful sections on the natural history of Ireland and on contemporary Irish doctors, lawyers, and ecclesiastics in Europe. Zoilomastix as a coinage is surpassed by the title of another work, Archicomigeriomastix. He has, as Grosjean says (“Un soldat”, p. 434), a weakness for nfoiigismes compliquh de fustigation.

124 Cologne (i.e., Kilkenny), 1617-1619.

125 H. F. Kearney, ‘Ecclesiastical Polities’, p. 205; cf. P. J. Corish, ‘An Irish Counter- Reformation Bishop: John Roche’, I.T.Q., xxv (1958), 14-32, 101-123; Xxvi (1959), 101-116, 313-330.

126 Iómarbhágh na bhfikadh, 2 vols., ed. Lambert McKenna (London: Ir. Texts Soc, 1918).

127 In Elizabethan Government and Society, p. 339.

128 Julius Pokorny, A History of Ireland (Berlin, 1916; trans. S. D. King, London, New York, and Toronto, 1933), p. 35.

129 James Butler, 12th earl and 1st duke, 1610-1688.

130 “Teii him [Górdún Ó Néill] that I know well that Ireland's nobles, alas! give up their right to the melodious Irish.’ Lines by Diarmuid MacMuiredhaigh, printed in Gleanings from Irish Manuscripts, ed. Walsh, p. 90. O'Neill flourished 1650-1704.

131 Ware, De PraesulibusHiberniae Commentarius (Dublin, 1665); Lynch, De Praesulibus Hiberniae (1672; ed. O'Doherty, 1944). Ware (1594-1666), Ussher's pupil, used the services of Duald MacFirbis for research.

132 Two works are edited in Anal. Hib., vi (1934).

133 Ibid.

134 F. X. Martin, ‘Sources for the History of the Irish Capuchins’, Collect. Franc, 1956, pp. 67-79.

135 O'Connell, R. and O'Ferrall, R., Commentarius Rinuccinianus … 1645-9, 6 vols.Google Scholar, ed. S. Kavanagh (Dublin: I.M.C., 1932-1949). Cf. P. J. Corish, ‘Two Contemporary Historians of the Confederation of Kilkenny: John Lynch and Richard O'Ferrall’, I.H.S., VIII (1953). 217-236.

136 Bibliog. oflr. Phil, and Lit., ed. R. I. Best (Dublin, 1913), pp. 243, 24s.

137 There is a treatise by him, ‘De Lingua Hibernica’, in T.C.D., MS F 4.30.

138 T. Wall, “The Catechism in Irish: Bonaventure O'Hussey, O.F.M.”, I.E.R., ser.5, ux (1942), 36-48; Hughes, Reformation in England, III, 287, 297.

139 Keating, Foras Feasa, 1, ed. Comyn, p. viii.

140 ‘If I were to worry about gilding words, I would make many of them obscure.’

141 The ‘Catechismus’ of Theobald Stapleton, foreword by J. F. O'Doherty (reflex facs., Dublin: I.M.C., 1945). Stapleton blames the learned class because they have stifled the language verborum obscuriorum varietate, and the upper class, who prefer to speak foreign languages, to the neglect of the mother tongue.

142 (The Mirror of the Sacrament of Penance) (Louvain, 1619; 2d ed., C. Ó . Maonaigh [C. Mooney], Dublin: Inst. Adv. St., 1952). On the general subject, cf. C. Ó . Maonaigh, 'Scrfbhneoiri Gaeilge an seachtú haois déag', Studia Hibernica, no. 2 (1962), pp. 182-208.

143 Clark, Ruth, Strangers and Sojourners at Port-Royal (Cambridge, 1932 Google Scholar); idem, Anthony Hamilton: His Life, His Works and His Family (London, 1921).

144 Millett, in Corish, ed., Irish Catholicism, ra.8, pp. 19-22.

145 9 vols., ed. J. T. Gilbert, (Dublin, 1882-1891).

146 Cf., among other writings of his, Lucien Ceyssens: Sources relatives an debuts du Jansénisme et de l’Antijansénisme 1640-3 (Louvain, 1957); La première bulle centre Jansenius: sources relatives à son histoire 1644-53, 2 vols. (Brussels, 1961-1962); La fin de la premiere periode du Jansénisme: sources des années 1645-60, 1: 1654-1656 (Brussels, 1963); ‘Florence Conry, Hugh de Burge, Luke Wadding and Jansenism’, in Father Luke Wadding, pp. 295- 404. Cf. also Clark, Strangers and Sojourners, esp. chaps. 13 and 14.

147 E.g., Augustini Hipponensis et Augustini Iprensis … Homologia (Louvain, 1641). He also composed the index to Augustinus.

148 Sinnich was one of the minority at Louvain who refused to accept the condemnation. Hasty and rigoristic, his writings include six polemical works defending Jansenism against the Jesuits, as well as a work on morals. He maintained a prudent silence after the papal censure in 1652 of the Archbishop of Malines and the Bishop of Ghent, but he was hardly convinced. F. Claeys Bouuaert, ‘Jean Sinnich, professeur a Louvain et un des premiers defenseurs de Jansenius’, Ephem. Theol. Lovanien., xxxi (1955), 406-417; Franziskus Deininger,_/bha««ei Sinnich: der Kampfder Lowen Universitdt gegen den Laxismus (Dusseldorf, 1928); J. P. Spelman, ‘John Shinnick, Rector Magnificus at Louvain’, I.E.R., ser. 3, VII (1886), 732-742.

149 Louvain, 1624, 1635; Rouen, 1643.

150 Florentii Conrii Peregrinus Jerichuntinus, Hoc Est de Natura Humana Feliciter Instituta, Infeliciter Lapsa, Miserabiliter Vulnerata, Misericorditer Restaurata (Paris, 1641). Cf. Clark, Strangers and Sojourners, p. 4.

151 Clark, op. cit., p. 188.

152 P.J. Corish, ‘John Callaghan and the Controversies among the Irish in Paris 1648- 54: The End of the Confederation’, I.T.Q., xxi (1954), 32-50.

153 Le Sage depicts Gil Bias as sharpening his dialectic upon the poor Irish scholars.

154 Quoted in Boyle, Patrick, The Irish College in Paris (London, 1901), p. Xi Google Scholar.

155 Cathaldus Giblin, ‘Hugh MacCaghwell, O.F.M., and Scotism at St Anthony's College, Louvain’, De Doctrina Ioannis Duns Scoti, IV (Rome, 1968), 375-397.

156 Franciscan Studies, vi (1946), 90. This course was first published at Rome, 3 vols., 1642-1643; there were many later eds. Punch himself thought that Hugh Ward was the ablest of them all in grasping the subtleties of Scotus. De Doctrina Ioannis Duns Scoti, IV, 389, n. 72.

157 De Doctrina Ioannis Duns Scoti, rv, 411.

158 The evidence that Scotus was a Scotsman is well-nigh conclusive and is independent of the forged Brockie manuscript. Cf. Henry Docherty, ‘The Brockie MSS and Duns Scotus’, De Doctrina Ioannis Duns Scoti, 1, 327-360. According to Renan, the unceasing vigilance of the Irish for the fame of Scotus made him an honorary Irishman. Renan, E., Histoire Mtthaire de la France, xxv (Paris, 1869), 407 Google Scholar.

159 P. O'Dea, ‘Father Peter Wadding, S.J.: Chancellor of the University of Prague (1629-41)’, Studies, xxx (1944), 159-172; Tractatus de Incarnatione (Antwerp, 1636).

160 His Práctica de la teologia mística, a solid and profound work which draws upon Sts. Augustine, Thomas, John of the Cross, and others, as well as upon his own practical experience, was ready for the press in 1634 but was not published until 1681. It ran into many European editions. Luis M. Mendizabal, in Diet, de Spirilualité, vi (Paris, 1967), cols. 565-570.

161 8 vols., Rome and Lyons, 1625-1657.

162 Rome, 1650; edit, novissima, Rome, 1906.

163 Cf. Father Luke Wadding; Mooney, C., “The Writings o f … Wadding …', Franc. Studies, XVIII (1958), 225–239 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; B. Millett, ‘Irish Scotists at St Isidore's College, Rome’, De Doctrina Ioannis Duns Scoti, IV, 399-419.

164 x . Wall, ‘Richard Archdekin's Catechetical Hour’, I.E.R., ser. 5, LXX (1948), 305-315-

165 J. Hennig, ‘Augustine Gibbon de Burgo’, I.E.R., ser. 5, LXIX (1947). 135-151.

166 F. X. Martin, Friar Nugent.

167 Boyle, P., ‘Dr Michael Moore’, Archiv. Hib., v (1916), 7–16 Google Scholar.

168 Stanford, , ‘Towards a History’, R.I.A. Proc, IXX (1970 Google Scholar), sect, c, p. 53.

169 Wood-Bliss, Athcn. Oxon., IV, cols. 146-148.

170 A Brief Introduction to the Art of Music (London, 1584); rev. ed., A Brief Introduction to the Skill of Song (London, 1600).

171 Cf. Grattan Flood, W. H., A History of Irish Music (Dublin, 1905), pp. 161–164 Google Scholar.

172 Sir William Temple, grandfather of Swift's patron, published his annotated edition of Ramus’ Dialectics in 1584. Temple was provost of T.C.D. from 1609 to 1626 and established the tradition of logic studies in Dublin.

173 Yates, Frances A., The Art of Memory (Chicago, 1966), pp. 243–265 Google Scholar.

174 Yates, op. cit., p. 286

175 Cf. Timothy Corcoran, Studies in the History of Classical Teaching: Irish and Continental 1500-1700 (Dublin and Belfast, 1911) (mainly a study of Bathe); idem, ‘Early Irish Jesuit Educators’, Studies, xxx (1941), 59-68; D.N.B., s.v. ‘Bathe’; W. MacDfonald], ‘Irish Ecclesiastical Colleges since the Reformation’, in I.E.R., ser. 2, x (1873-1874), 524-527; Pace, E. A., ‘Bathe and Comenius’, Cath. U. Bull., XIII (1907), 354–360 Google Scholar.

176 ‘Un soldat’, p. 434, n. 2.

177 Kenney, Sources, p. 256.

178 Binchy, D. A., ‘Patrick and his Biographers: Ancient and Modern’, Studia Hib., II (1962), 22–24 Google Scholar.

179 That the Famina was a method of teaching students style, with particular stress on vocabulary and with the use of mnemonics, seems clear. The question, whether it was written in Ireland, in England, or by an Irishman on the continent seems to remain open. Cf. Michael Winterbottom, ‘On the Hisperica Famina’, Celtica, VIII (1968), 126-139; W. B. Stanford, ‘Towards a History', p. 16.

180 ‘It may not be fanciful to see … a temperamental affinity between the imaginative free-thinking Irish and the Greeks.’ Stanford, op. cit., p. 26.

181 Stanford, op. cit., pp. 86-87.