Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T04:13:03.684Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Immersion education: applicability for nonvernacular teaching to vernacular speakers*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2008

Merrill Swain
Merrill Swain
Affiliation:
The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The characteristics of “immersion” education as it is practised in Canadian contexts are described in this paper. Immersion programs are outlined in terms of their background, structure, methodology, and outcomes. It is suggested that to achieve the outcomes of immersion education found for majority language groups, some minority language groups may require a program in which initial education is in the first language, and which continues in both the first and second languages.

Type
Articles
Information
Studies in Second Language Acquisition , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , fall 1981 , pp. 1 - 17
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Asher, J. J. 1969. The total physical response to second language learning. Modern Language Journal 53.3–18.Google Scholar
Barik, H. C., and Swain, M.. 1975. Three year evaluation of a large scale early grade French immersion program: the Ottawa study. Language Learning 25.1–30.Google Scholar
Barik, H. C., and Swain, M.. 1976. A Canadian experiment in bilingual education: the Peel study. Foreign Language Annals 9.465–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barik, H. C., and Swain, M.. 1978. Evaluation of a French immersion program: the Ottawa study through grade five. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 10.192–201.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E. 1981. The role of linguistic knowledge in second language use. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 4. 1: 31–45.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E. (In preparation). On the relationship between knowing and using linguistic forms. Modern Language Centre, The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. (Manuscript).Google Scholar
Blake, L.; Lambert, W. E.; Sidoti, N.; and Wolfe, D., n.d. Students' views of inter-group tensions in Quebec: the effects of language immersion experience. Psychology Department. McGill University. (Manuscript).Google Scholar
Canale, M., and Swain, M.. 1980. Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics 1.1–47.Google Scholar
Commissioner of Official Languages. 1980. The language file. Ottawa: Ronalds Printing.Google Scholar
Cummins, J. 1980. The entry and exit fallacy in bilingual education. NABE Journal 4.25–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, R. R. 1979. The acquisition and maintenance of language by minority children. Language Learning 29.295–303.Google Scholar
Edwards, H. P., and Smyth, F.. 1976. Evaluation of second language programs and some alternatives for teaching French as a second language in grades five to eight. Toronto: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.Google Scholar
Felix, S. W. 1980. The effect of formal instruction on second language acquisition. Paper presented at the Second Language Research Forum, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Genesee, F. 1979. Scholastic effects of French immersion: an overview after ten years. Interchange 9.20–29.Google Scholar
Genesee, F., and Stanley, M. H.. 1976. The development of English writing skills in French immersion programs. Canadian Journal of Education 1.1–17.Google Scholar
Genesee, F.; Tucker, G. R.; and Lambert, W. E.. 1975. Communication skills of bilingual children. Child Development 46.1010–14.Google Scholar
Harley, B., and Swain, M.. 1977. An analysis of verb form and function in speech of French immersion pupils. Working Papers on Bilingualism 14.31–46.Google Scholar
Harley, B., and Swain, M.. 1978. An analysis of the verb system by young learners of French. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin 3.35–79.Google Scholar
Hatch, E. 1979. Simplified input and second language acquisition. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of LSA, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Ireland, D.; Gunnell, K.; and Santerre, L.. 1980. A study of the teaching and learning of aural/oral French in immersion classes. Ottawa: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. (Manuscript).Google Scholar
Krashen, S. 1978. The monitor model for second language acquisition. Second language acquisition and foreign language teaching, ed. by Gingras, R., 1–26. Arlington, Virginia: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Krashen, S. 1980. The theoretical and practical relevance of simple codes. Second language acquisition, ed. by Scarcella, R. and Krashen, S., 7–18. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.Google Scholar
Lambert, W. E., and Tucker, G. R.. 1972. Bilingual education of children: the St. Lambert experiment. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House Publishers.Google Scholar
Lepicq, D. 1980. Aspects théoriques et empiriques de l'acceptabilité linguistique: le cas du français des élèves des classes d'immersion. University of Toronto Dissertation.Google Scholar
Mackey, W. F. 1978. The importation of bilingual education models. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, ed. by, Alatis, J. E., 1–18. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Macnamara, J. 1972. The cognitive basis of language learning in infants. Psychological Review 79.1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mougeon, R. et al. , 1980. Le français parlé en situation minoritaire, Vol. 1. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
Paulston, C. B. 1975. Ethnie relations and bilingual education: accounting for contradictory data. Working Papers on Bilingualism 6.1–44.Google Scholar
Smith, F. 1978. Understanding reading: a psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning to read, 2nd ed.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Snow, C., and Ferguson, C. (eds.). 1977. Talking to children: language input and acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Spilka, I. V. 1976. Assessment of second-language performance in immersion programs. The Canadian Modern Language Review 32.543–61.Google Scholar
Stern, H. H. 1978. French immersion in Canada: achievements and directions. The Canadian Modern Language Review 34.836–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, H. H. 1981. Communicative language teaching and learning: towards a synthesis. The second language classroom: directions for the 1980s, ed. by Altman, H. B., Alatis, J. E. and Alatis, P.M., 131–148. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Swain, M. 1974. French immersion programs across Canada: research findings. The Canadian Modern Language Review 31.117–29.Google Scholar
Swain, M. 1975. Writing skills of grade three French immersion pupils. Working Papers on Bilingualism 7.1–38.Google Scholar
Swain, M. 1978a. Home-school language switching. Understanding second language learning: issues and approaches, ed. by Richards, J. C., 238–51. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Swain, M. 1978b. Bilingual education for the English-Canadian. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, ed. by Alatis, J. E., 141–54.Google Scholar
Swain, M. 1981 (In press). Time and timing in bilingual education. Language Learning 31.Google Scholar
Terrell, T. D. 1977. A natural approach to the acquisition and learning of second languages. Modern Language Journal 59.325–36.Google Scholar
Terrell, T. D. 1980. A natural approach to language teaching: an update. Department of Spanish and Portuguese. University of California at Irvine. (Manuscript).Google Scholar
Tucker, G. R. 1975. The acquisition of knowledge by children educated bilingually. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, ed. by Dato, D., 267–77. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Tucker, G. R. 1980. Implications for U.S. bilingual education: evidence from Canadian research. NCBE Focus 2.Google Scholar
Wells, G. 1979. Describing children's linguistic development at home and at school. British Educational Research Journal 5.75–89.Google Scholar