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Zinzendorf and Money

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2016

W. R. Ward
W. R. Ward*
Affiliation:
University of Durham
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Extract

There are problems with this topic. Zinzendorf himself would certainly have considered it a non-subject, as he would certainly have regarded the counsel of his contemporary Wesley to ‘gain all you can, save all you can, and give all you can’ as unspeakably bourgeois, an adjective I have no recollection of Wesley’s applying to himself. The severer kind of economic historian might also regard what I have to say as a non-treatment of a non-subject, for I cannot present you with a profit-and-loss account of Zinzendorf’s transactions; I know no more about his income than he did, which was not very much; and although I shall refer later to the successive valuations of Zinzendorf’s property which that remarkable scholar Otto Uttendürfer dredged up from the Herrnhut archives sixty years ago, I attach no great importance to them. They seem to me the same kind of artificial enterprise as the annual revaluations for borrowing purposes which were made of the empty Centre Point building in its earlier years. Moreover, the straightforward introduction to the theme which I enjoyed not long ago is not readily available to historians in the West. It is to work first in the archive of Francke’s Orphan House at Halle, and then move on to that of the Renewed Church of the United Brethren at Herrnhut. Francke’s Orphan House, one of the biggest buildings of eighteenth-century Europe, has the Thatcherite principle of cost-effectiveness written all over it, and is clearly based on the Prussian barracks. The whole community at Herrnhut combines baroque lavishness with simplicity in a way not easily put into words, but most movingly experienced in the Grosse Saal in which the Brethren now hold their services. A visit to the Moravian settlement at Zeyst in the Netherlands, however, may sufficiently illustrate the point.

Type
Research Article
Information
Studies in Church History , Volume 24: The Church and Wealth , 1987 , pp. 283 - 305
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 1987

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References

1 This theme is most fully worked out in Wesley’s Sermon no 50 on Luke 16.9, ‘Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness’, but he was sufficiently confident of it to return to it on several occasions, for example, The letters of John Wesley, ed. J. Telford (London, 1931) 5.8:6.207. Compare also Sermon no 116 §8.

2 Das neueste Gespräch im dem Rekhe der Lebendigen zwischen dem Hermhutischen … Grafen von Zinzendorf und einem Freymaürer… (Frankfurt/Leipzig, 1741), p. 27.

3 Ausführliche historische und Theologische Nachricht von der Herrenhuthischen Brüderschaft…mit einer Forlseltzung (Franckfurth, 1743), p. 50 [Reprinted in the Olms reprint of the works of Zinzendorf (referred to below as Zinzendorf Werke) Reihe 2, Bd. 14 (Hildesheim, 1976)]. It was also maintained that the attraction of Herrnhut was freedom from Leibeigenschaft. [C. F. Demelius], Vollständige sowohl hislorischals theologische Nachricht von der Herrnhutische Brüder schaft… (Frankfurt/Leipzig, 1735), pp. 10–11.

4 ‘I.C.T.’ [otherwise anonymous], Sammlung einige Briefe beruhmter und gottseliger theologorum zur Erlaüterung des Zinzendorfischen Unwesens (Hamburg, 1748), pp. 25–31.

5 Ausführliche Nachricht… Fortsetzung [see above n. 3], pp. 47, 108.

6 Whitefield, G., An Expostulatory letter addressed to Nicholas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf, in Works (London, 1771), 4, pp. 251–61 Google Scholar (German tr. Ein Bestraffungsschreiben an hrn … Grafen von Zinzendorf (Halle, 1753). This edn included a letter from Zinzendorf denying the charges of his indebtedness).

7 Schrautenbach, Ludwig Carl Freiherr von, Der Graf Zinzendorf und die Brüdergemeine seiner Zeit, ed. Kölbing, J. W. (Gnadau, 1851), p. 452 Google Scholar [Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 9 (Hildesheim, 1972)].

8 Woldershausen, Otto Andreas, Gegründele Nachrichten von dem Ursprung, Fortgang una Mitteln zur Ausbreitung der Hermhutische Secte (Wittenberg/Zerbst, 1749), pp. 49, 55 Google Scholar: Fresenius, Johann Philip, Bewährte Nachrichten von Herrnhutischen Sachen, 4 vols (Frankfurt, 1746–51), 2.318, 330.Google Scholar

9 Woldershausen, Otto Andreas, Dos Leben des Herm Grafen Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (Wittenberg/Zerbst, 1749), p. 9.Google Scholar

10 Spangenberg, August Gottlieb, Apologetische Schlussschrifi (Leipzig/Görlitz, 1751), p. 379 Google Scholar[Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Ergิnzungshand 3 (Hildesheim, 1964)]: August Gotdieb Spangenberg, Leben des Herm Nicolaus Ludwig Grafen und Herm von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, 8 vols (n.pl. [Barby], 1771–5), p. 1586 [Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bde. 1–8 (Hildesheim, 1971)]. Zinzendorf did not always weigh his words carefully, and some of what he published invited charges of this kind. Büdingische Sammlung, 3 vols (Büdingen, 1742–3) 3.228 [Repr. Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungshand 9 (Hildesheim, 1966)].

11 The reference is to Luke 22.31.

12 See especially his introduction to the reprints of the Teutsche Gedichte (1766) (Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungsband 2 [Hildesheim, 1964] and the Catholic writings (Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungsband 10 [Hildesheim, 1970]). Compare Archive of the Renewed Unity of the Brethren [hereafter Herrnhut MSS] R. 20 A1. Darstellungen Zinzendorfs aus seiner früheren Zeit.

13 He spoke even of ‘the nobility’ of Christ’s decision to become man. Schrautenbach, Graf Zinzendorf, p. 83 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 9).

14 Teutsche Gedichte, p. 178 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungsband 2).

15 On whom see Boetticher, Walther von, Geschichte des Oberlausitzischen Adels und seiner Güter, 1635–1815, 4 vols (Görlitz, 1912–23)Google Scholar. The von Gersdorff family is treated at 1.424–608. Sprangenberg declared that Zinzendorf loved both the natural and the political peculiarities of Upper Lusatia. Leben Zinzendorfs, p. 178 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 2). As late as 1753 a German tourist in London was surprised to hear Zinzendorf preaching in the Fetter Lane Chapel in ‘a quite simple and common Upper Lusatian dialect’. E. Vehse, Geschichte des Höfe des Houses Sachsen, pt 7 — Geschichte der deutschen Höfe seit der Reformation, 34 (Hamburg, 1854), p. 71.

16 On this see Knauthe, C., Derer Oberlausitzer Sorbwenden umständliche Kirchengeschichte, ed. Olesch, R. (Cologne/Vienna, 1980)Google Scholar: A. Mietzschke, ‘Lusatica aus dem Anfang des 18. Jahrhundert’, Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie, 17, pt 2 (1941), 123–42. Compare R. Lehmann, Geschichte des Markgraftums Niederlausitz. Der Schicksalsweg einer ostdeutschen Landschaft und ihrer Menschen (Dresden, 1937), pp. 326–45: H. Petri, ‘Der Pietismum in Sorau N-L’, Jahrbuch füf Brandenburgische Kirchengeschichte, 9–10 (1913), pp. 126–203.

17 Winter, E., Die Pflege der West- und Südslavischen Sprachen in Halle im 18. Jahrhundert ([East] Berlin, 1954), pp.31–42.Google Scholar

18 Brunner, O., Adeliges Landleben und Europäischer Geist (Salzburg, 1949).Google Scholar

19 Scbrautenbach, , Der Graf Zinzendorf 66 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 9). Zinzendorf also shared the eating habits of the German aristocracy and became corpulent in old age.

20 Spangenberg, Leben Zinzendorfs, p. 1442 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 5).

21 Büdingische Sammlung I, Vorrede [n.p.] Footnote. (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungsband 7.)

22 Spangenberg, Leben Zinzendorfs, p. 79 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 1).

23 On this group see F. W. Barthold, Die Erweckten im protestantischen Deutschland während des Ausgangs des 17. und der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts, besonders die frommen Grafenhöfe (Reprinted from Historisches Taschenbuch 1852–3, ed. F. von Raumer [Darmstadt, 1968]): also H.-W. Erbe, Zinzendorf und der fromme hohe Adel seiner Zeit (Leipzig, 1928) (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 12).

24 Zeitschrift für Brüdergeschichte 8 (1914), 13 [Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 3, Bd. 3 (Hildesheim 1973)].

25 Uttendörfer, O., All-Hermhut. Wirtschaftsgeschichte und Relighnssoziologie Hermhuts während seiner ersten zwanzig jahre, 1722–42 (Herrnhut, 1925), p. 144.Google Scholar

26 Grosse, J., Studien über Friedrich von Watteville. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Hermhutertums (Halle, 1914), p. 25.Google Scholar

27 Schmidt, T. E., Zinzendorfs soziale Stellung und ihr Einfluss auf seinen Charakter und sein Lebenswerk (Basel, 1900), p. 43.Google Scholar

28 Uttendörfer, , Alt-Hermhut, p. 145.Google Scholar

29 Spangenberg, , Leben Zinzendorfs, p. 1080 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 4). Compare E. Beyreuther, Zinzendorf und die sich allhier beisammen finden (Marburg an der Lalin, 1959), pp. 254–5.

30 Zinzendorf s defenders followed suit: ‘Entrepreneurs of all classes with large and extensive views, misunderstanding the Count, took him at first for a man whom they could use to accomplish their own chimerical projects; but when he spoke against them or showed in practice that he wanted nothing to do with them, took offence, and threatened controversy or attacked him without warning’. [Imprimatur—Polycarp Müller] Siegfrieds Bescheidene Beleuchtung (n.pl., 1744), p. 97 [Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 16 (Hildesheim, 1982), p. 317]. On the French usage compare R. Cantillon, Essai sur la nature du commerce en general, ed. H. Higgs (London, 1931), p. 54; J. A. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (Oxford, 1954), P. 555.

31 On all this see H. Weigelt, Die Beziehungen zwischen Ludwig Friedrickzu Castell-Remlingen und Zinzendorf so wie ihr Briefwechsel. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Herrnhuter Pietismus in Franken (Neustadt an der Aisch, 1984), pp. 9–10: E. Beyreuther, Der junge Zinzendorf, 2nd edn (Marburg an der Lahn, 1957), pp. 215–21.

32 Uttendörfer, , Alt-Herrnhut, pp. 18–45.Google Scholar

33 Knauthe, Christian, Annates Typographici Lusatiae Superioris oder Geschichte der Oberlausitzchen Buchdruckereien (Lauban, 1740: repr. Cologne/Vienna, 1980)Google Scholar, p. XI*. The printers were also championed by Zinzendorf’s uncle, Privy Councillor von Gersdorff, Oberamthauptmann of Gorlitz, who forbade the establishment of the press, and was attacked by his nephew for hostility to ‘the appearance of the Kingdom of God in Upper Lusaria’. Beyreuther, Zinzendorf und die sich allhier beisammen finden, p. 96.

34 Ebersdorf also had the advantage of being free of the Saxon censorship. A. Kobuch, ‘Die Zensur in Kursachsen zur Zeit der Personalunion mit Polen (1697–1763). Beiträge zur Geschichte der Aufklärung’ (Dr. Diss. Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 1965), 1.160.

35 Quoted in Uttendörfer, Alt-Hermhut, p. 25.

36 Weigelt, , Beziehungen zwischen Castell-Remlingen und Zinzendorf, p. 95.Google Scholar

37 This account is based mainly on material gathered by Uttendörfer, Alt-Hermhut, pp. 125–34, 146–60. See also W. Jannasch, ‘Erdmuthe Dorothea, Gräfin von Zinzendorf geborene Grätin Reuss zu Plauen’, Zeilschrift für Brüdergeschichte, 8 (1914), pp. 1–507, esp. pp. 87, 94–8 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 3, Bd. 3): N. L. von Zinzendorf, Die gegenwärtige Geslalt des Kreuz-Reichsjesu in seiner Unschuld (1745), pp. 112–14 [Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungsband 5 (Hildesheim, 1965)].

38 Erbe, , Zinzendorf und derfromme Adel, p. 120 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 12, p. 492).

39 Jannasch, , ‘Erdmuthe Dorothea’, Zeitschrift für Brüdergeschichte, 8 (1914), p. 127 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 3, Bd. 3). The Count’s itineraries are appended to the second and third volumes of Erich Beyreuther’s biography, Zinzendorf und die seth allhier beisammen finden, pp. 289–90: Zinzendorf und die Christenheit (Marburg an der Lahn, 1961), pp. 291–4.

40 Spangenberg, , Leben Zinzendorfs, p. 963 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 4): N. L. von Zinzendorf, IIEPIEAYTOY. Das ist Naturelle Reflexiones… (n.pl.ord. [1746]), p. 237[Repr.in Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungsband 4 (Hildesheim, 1964)].

41 Weigelt, , Beziehungen zwischen Castell-Remlingen und Zinzendorf, p. 145.Google Scholar

42 Johann Deknatel (1698–1759), a leading Mennonite minister in Amsterdam, who brought about an evangelical revival among a religious community tending to unitarianism, and strove actively for a union among the scattered Baptists of Hungary. He was listed as one of the Amsterdam Brethren in 1744 (A. Reincke, Members of the Moravian church and of persons attached to the said church … between 1727 and 1754 (Bethlehem, Pa., 1873), p. 45), but his financial assistance ended in his instituting lawsuits against them. His portrait is preserved in the archive at Herrnhut.

43 Isaac Lelong (1683–1762) seems not to have been a member of the Moravian community.

44 Hamilton, J.Taylor, A history of the church known as the Moravian Church or Unitas Ffatrum (Bethlehem, Pa., 1900: repr. New York, 1970), p. 147.Google Scholar Catharine Beuning, probably his wife, became a member of the Moravian congregation in Amsterdam. Reincke, Members of the Morvian church, p. 45.

45 Wesley, John, Journal, ed. Curnock, N., 2nd edn (London, 1938), 2.6 Google Scholar: The Works of John Wesley, 25, Letters 1, ed. F. Baker (Oxford, 1980), pp. 584–5.

46 Cranz, David, Alte und Neue Brüder-Historie (Barby, 1772), p. 561 Google Scholar [Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 11 (Hildesheim, 1973): Eng. tr. The ancient and modern history of the Brethren by Benjamin La Trobe (London, 1780), p. 409]. Taylor Hamilton, History, p. 147 says the loan was 20, 000 fl.;Jannasch ‘Erdmuthe Dorothea’, p. 193 says 30, 000; the figure quoted is given in Herrnhut MSS R 20 A.2.33.

47 Jonas Paulus Weiss (1695–1775) was given charge of the small congregation of the Brethren at Nuremberg (Weigelt, Beziehungen zwischen Castell-Remlingen una Zinzendorf, p. 135, n. 22), and later distinguished himself by advocating the formation of a college of businessmen to finance the unity by promoting commerce and manufactures. (O. Uttendörfer, Wirtschaftsgeist una Wirtschaftsorganization der Brüdergemeine von 1743 bis zur Ende des Jahrhunderts (Herrnhut, 1926), p. 37.) On the Diaconate, Schrautenbach, Graf von Zinzendorf p. 487 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 9). Compare Woldershausen, Gegründete Nachrichten, p. 17.

48 Woldershausen, , Leben des Crafen, pp.9, 46–52 Google Scholar: Woldershausen, Gegründete Nachrichten, p. 17.

49 Beyreuther, , Zinzendorf und die Christenheit, pp. 76, 82 Google Scholar: Zinzendorf, Naturelle Reflexiones, pp. 121, 186 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungsband 4).

50 This seems to be the implication of Spangenberg, Leben Zinzendorfs, p. 829 n. (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 4). Compare Schrautenbach, Graf Zinzendorf, p. 215 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 9).

51 Hamilton, Taylor, History, p. 65.Google Scholar

52 On the origins of this see Benad, M., Toleranz als Gebot christlicher Obrigkeit. Dos Büdinger Patent von 1712. Studia Irenica, 27 (Hildesheim, 1983).Google Scholar

53 Goebel, M., ‘Geschichte der wahren Inspirations-Gemeinden von 1688 bis 1850. Als ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des christlichen Lebens aus bisher unbenutzten Quellen’, Zeitschrift für historische Theologie, N.F. 19 (1855), pp. 137–60, 327–42 Google Scholar: M. Goebel, Geschichte Jes christlichen Lebens in der rheinisch-westphalischen evangelischen Kirche, 2 vols in 3 (Coblenz, 1849–52) 3, pp. 150–4.

54 Beyreuther, , Zinzendorf und die Christenheit, p. 120 Google Scholar:Spangenberg, LebenZinzendorfs, pp. 1490–2 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 5).

55 Beyreuther, p. 163: Spangenberg, A. G., Darlegung richtiger Antworten auf mehr als dreyhundert Beschuldigungengegen den Ordinarium Fratrum (Leipzig/Görlitz, 1751), pp. 27–8, 224–32 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungsband 5).

56 Taylor, , History, p. 122 Google Scholar; Schrautenbach, , Graf von Zinzendorf, p. 414 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 9).

57 Wesley, Journal 2.47–9. Arvid Gradin (1704–54) was born at Wiks, Sweden, the son of a clergyman. He came under Pietist influence in 1724, and made contact with Dippelianism in the ’thirties. He was won to Moravianism by reading a book and by a personal visit. In 1740 he was despatched to Constantinople to negotiate with the Greek Church through personal interviews with the Patriarch. The negotiations were fruitless but he served as a chaplain to the Swedish embassy. In 1741 he was sent on an evangelistic mission in Sweden and Norway which finally obtained the approval of the Archbishop of Stockholm. He was imprisoned in Russia on a diplomatic mission to the Holy Synod in 1743. He wrote a short history of the Unitas Fratrum which was translated into English in 1743 and sold by James Hutton [Svenska Män och Kvinner, 3.80). For Gradin’s theological views see G. Hök, Zinzendorf’s Begrijff der Religion, Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, 6 (1948), pp. 147–52. He is said to have declined the offer of a chair at Uppsala soon after arriving at Herrnhut.

58 Körner, F., Die kursächsische Staatsregierung den Grafen Zinzendorf und Herrnhut bis 1760 gegenüber (Leipzig, 1878), pp. 59–71 Google Scholar; Cranz, Alt-und Neue Brüder-Historie, pp. 459–63, 465–9 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 11: Eng. tr. pp. 336–9, 341–3).

59 Schlechte, H., ‘Pietismus und Staatsreform 1762/63 in Kursachsen’ in Archivar und Historiker. Festschrift für H. O. Meisner (Berlin, 1065), pp. 364–82.Google Scholar

60 Historische Nachricht von den Mährischen Brüdern zu Herrnhaag … (Frankfurt/Leipzig, 1751) [Repr. and splendidly introduced by Hans Schneider in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 18 (Hildesheim, 1978)] (Eng. tr. by Henry Rimius, The history of the Moravians, from their first settlement at Herrnhaag… down to the present time… [London, 1754]).

61 On this see Wotschke, T., ‘Hermhuter Briefe aus Neuwied’, Monatshefte für Rheinische Kirchengeschichte, 26 (1932), pp. 108–28 Google Scholar: T. Wotschke, ‘Neuwieder Gemeinde Nachrichten von juli 1753 bis Juli 1754’, Ibid., pp. 136–51.

62 Herrnhut MSS. Johannes Plitt’s MS Neue Brüdergeschichte [1829] 4, fol. 303.

63 Moravian Archive, Muswell Hill: MS Gemeinhausdiarium 1747, March 26.

64 Spangenberg, , Leben Zinzendorfs, p. 2012 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 7).

65 Cranz, , Alte-und Neue Brüder-Historie, p. 510 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. II:Eng. tr. p. 373): O. Uttendörfer, Zinzendorf und die Mystik (Berlin, n.d. [1950]), p. 286: Beyreuther, Zinzendorf und die Christenheit, p. 238.

66 Zinzendorf had almost become confessor to Frederick’s father. G. Meyer, ‘Zinzendorf als Vetreter des Ostdeutsch-schlesischen Frömmigkeitstypus’, Jahrbuch der Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau, 5 (1960), p. 93 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 12, p. 757): J. Klepper, Der Soldatenkönig und die Stillenim Lande (Berlin, 1938), pp. 135–59.

67 Hamilton, Taylor, History, pp. 114–15 Google Scholar: Cranz, Alle und Neue Brüder-Historie, p. 378 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 11: Eng. tr., p. 279): Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 16 (Hildesheim, 1982), pp. 22*-3*.

68 See Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 14 (Hildesheim, 1976), pp. XXV, XXIX, LXXII, n. 32: Carl Regent, Unpartheyische Nachricht von der…neuen Sect… (Breslau, 1729) (Repr. in ibid).

69 Spangenberg, , Leben Zinzendorfs, p. 1839 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 6).

70 Spangenberg, A. G., Declaration über die zeithergegen uns ausgegangen Beschuldigungen (Leipzig/Görlitz, 1751), p. 18 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Ergänzungsband 5).

71 Schloemann, M., Siegmund Jacob Baumgarten. System und Geschichte in der Theologie des Überganges zum Neuprotestantismus (Göttingen, 1974), p. 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

72 The Eng. tr. was entitled An exposition of Christian Doctrine (London, 1784) (French version, Barby, 1782).

73 Schattschneider, D. A., ‘The Missionary Theologies of Zinzendorf and Spangenberg’, Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, 22 (1975), p. 225 Google Scholar: G. Reichel, August Gottlieb Spangenberg Bischofder Brüderkirche (Tübingen, 1906), p. 229 (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 13 (Hildesheim, 1975), p. 245).

74 Uttendörfer, O., Wirtschaftsgeist und Wirtschaftsorganisation der Brüdergemeine von 1743 bis zur Ende desJahrhunderts (Herrnhut, 1926), p. 34.Google Scholar

75 Ibid., passim: Hamilton Taylor, History, pp. 155, 159.

76 In 1760 another Dürninger was sought for Ireland: Uttendörfer, Wirtschaftsgeist, pp. 53–4.

77 Kootz, T., ‘Kapitalismus und Christentum im Blick auf die Wirtschaftsordnung Alt-Herrnhuts’, Vnitas Fratrum, 4 (1978), pp. 94–109.Google Scholar

78 Gollin, G. Lindt, Moravians in Two Worlds. A Study of Changing Communities (New York, 1967)Google Scholar.

79 Zinzendorf Werke, Hauptschriften 5, p. XIV (Hildesheim, 1963).

80 Herrnhut MSS. Johannes Plitt, MS. Neue Brüdergeschichte 5, fol. 5.

81 Spangenberg, , Leben Zinzendorfs, pp. 1764, 1820–3 Google Scholar (Repr. Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 6): D. Benham, Memoirs of James Hutton (London, 1856), p. 257.

82 Ibid., pp. 275–7.

83 Spangenberg, , Leben Zinzendorfs, p. 1933 Google Scholar (Repr. in Zinzendorf Werke, Reihe 2, Bd. 7).

84 Roll, E., A History of Economic Thought (London, 1938), p. 48.Google Scholar