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Overcoming the world: the early quaker programme

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2016

Geoffrey F. Nuttall
Geoffrey F. Nuttall*
Affiliation:
New College, university of London
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Studies in Church History , Volume 10: Sanctity and Secularity: The Church and the World , 1973 , pp. 145 - 164
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Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 1973

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References

1 Fox’s Journal has appeared in three forms: in 1694, edited by Thomas Ellwood; in 1911, edited by Norman Penney; and in 1952, by J. L. Nickalls. Penney’s edition, reproduced from Friends House Library, Spence MS, verbatim and literatim, reveals considerable interference with the text by Ellwood; Penney indicates, and classifies, Ellwood’s omissions from the text but not his alterations nor, systematically, his additions to it. Nickall’s edition normally follows Penney, modernising spelling and punctuation, but sometimes follows Ellwood, and also supplements from other sources.

The first sixteen of the MS’s numbered pages are missing. Penney observes that, if written in the same hand as the greater part of the narrative portion of pp 17-20 (an unidentified hand, not the hand of Fox’s stepson, Thomas Lower, in which the narrative portion is written from the middle of p 20 onwards), the missing pages would contain about 7,500 words less than are in the corresponding pages in Ellwood, but what sources Ellwood may have used by way of supplement, as is his practice elsewhere, has not been investigated. Further, Ellwood’s constant alteration of the text elsewhere makes it likely that his reproduction of the missing pages also contains alterations; but a critical examination of his alterations elsewhere, which might suggest the nature and extent of alterations to the missing pages, has not been undertaken.

2 Fox, [G.], Journal, ed Ellwood, [T.] (London 1694) P 23 Google ScholarPubMed.

3 Frend, W. H. C., ‘Heresy and schism as social and notional movements’, SCH 9 (1972) pp 37–56 Google Scholar.

4 For the ambivalence of Primitive Christianity Revived, its use (1711) by William Whiston.

5 Penn, [W.], in Fox, Journal, ed Ellwood, , preface fol A2v-C1v. Penn’s historical analysis antedates Arnold, G., Unparteiische Kirchen- und Ketzergeschichte (Frankfurt am Main 1699) by three yearsGoogle Scholar.

6 Penn, W., Collection of the Works (London 1726) 1, p 2 Google Scholar.

7 Ibid p 117.

8 von Hügel, F., Essays & Addresses on the Philosophy of Religion: first series (London/ Toronto 1928) p 270 Google Scholar.

9 Brayshaw, [A. N.], The Quakers [their Story and Message] (3 ed London/New York 1938) pp 41. 40Google Scholar.

10 Fox, [G.], [Collection of Many Select Christian] Epistles (London 1698) pp 401, 198Google Scholar; Journal, ed Ellwood p 597; Epistles pp 152, 63-4.

11 Penn, in Vox, Journal, ed Ellwood, preface fol 11r.

12 Fox, Journal, ed Ellwood p 17.

13 Ibid p 25.

14 Braithwaite, [W. C.], [The] Beginnings [of Quakerism] (2 ed Cambridge 1955) pp 40–50 Google Scholar, where the reference to Boswell Middleton Collection should be p 49 and the reference to Samuel Watson Collection should be p 23.

15 Fox, G., Journal, ed Penney, N. (Cambridge 1911) 1 p 13 Google Scholar.

16 Ibid p 14.

17 [Friends House Library], Swarthmore MS 1 fol 373.

18 Fox, G., The Vials of the Wrath of God (London 1654) p 3 Google Scholar.

19 Fox, G., A Warning to the World (London 1655) pp 5–8 Google Scholar.

20 [G.] Fox and [J.] Nayler, Severall Papers (n.p. 1653) p 22.

21 DNB under G. Fox.

22 Baxter, R., One Sheet against the Quakers (London 1657) p 5 Google Scholar.

23 Fox, Journal, ed Ellwood p 26; for comment, see Nuttall, G. F., ‘Juan de Valdés: fresh light on a Quaker forerunner’, Friends’ Quarterly 17, 3 (1971) p 120 Google Scholar.

24 For a list of such interviews see Braithwaite, Beginnings pp 435-6.

24a A Word for God (London 1655) as reprinted in [Collection of the State Papers of John] Thurloe, [ed Birch, T.] (London 1742) p 382 Google Scholar.

25 Cole, [Alan], [‘The Quakers and the English Revolution’], PP 10 (1956) p 44 Google Scholar, and in Crisis in Europe [1560-1660, ed Aston, T.] (London 1965) p 348 Google Scholar.

26 This tract has ako been attributed to another quaker, Edward Burrough. For attribution to Byllinge and a summary of its thirty-one proposals, see Nickalls, J. L., ‘The Problem of Edward Byllinge: II. His writings and their evidence of his influence on the first constitution of West New Jersey’, Children of Light: in honor of Rufus M. Jones ed Brinton, H. H. (New York 1938) pp 20-3Google Scholar.

27 This tract has ako been attributed to a baptist, Thomas Lambe.

28 Barbour, [H.], [The Quakers in Puritan England] (New Haven/London 1964) p 200 Google Scholar.

29 Braithwaite, [W. C.], [The] Second Period [of Quakerism] (2 ed Cambridge 1961) p 559 Google Scholar.

30 Schenk, [W.], [The Concern for Social Justice in the Puritan Revolution] (London/New York/Toronto 1948) p 125 Google Scholar.

31 Fox, G., To the Parliament (London 1659) pp 8–9 Google Scholar.

32 Schenk p 129.

33 Ibid p 124.

34 [Puritanism and Liberty] [ed Woodhouse, A. S. P.] (London 1938), introduction, pp 98-9Google Scholar.

35 Cole pp 42-3, and in Crisis in Europe p 346.

36 Barbour p 193.

37 Swarthmore MS 1, fol 36.

38 Fox, G. and Nayler, J., A Word from the Lord (London 1654) p 13 Google Scholar.

39 Braithwaite, Beginnings p 175 n 2, following Gardiner, S. R., History of the Common wealth and Protectorate 1649-1616 (2 ed London 1903) III p 228 n 3Google Scholar; but the captain Bishop mentioned may have been not the quaker George Bishop but a Henry Bishop: see Ashley, M., John Wildman (London 1947) p 86 Google Scholar.

40 Penney, [N.] (ed), Extracts [from State Papers relating to Friends 1654-1672] (London/ Philadelphia/New York 1913) p 7 Google Scholar.

41 Woodhouse p 53.

42 Ibid pp 52, 67.

43 Penney, Extracts p 7.

44 Vann, R. T., ‘Diggers and Quakers-a Further ’, JFHS 50, 2 (1962) pp 67-8Google Scholar; Vann suggests further identifications.

45 Schenk pp 25-6.

46 Vann, R. T., ‘From Radicalism to Quakerism: Gerrard Winstanley and Friends’ JFHS 49, 1 (1959) pp 41-6Google Scholar.

47 Braithwaite, Beginnings p 396.

48 Penney, [N.] (ed), [The] First Publishers [of Truth] (London/Philadelphia/New York 1907) pp 144-5Google Scholar.

49 [J.] Lilburne, [The] Resurrection [of John Lilburne] (n.p. 1656) pp 4, 9.

50 Lilburne, J., The Upright Man (London 1653) p 7 Google Scholar; quoted by Schenk, p 34; see also Gregg, P., Free-born John: a biography of John Lilburne (London/Toronto/Wellington/Sydney 1961) p 313 Google Scholar.

51 Lilburne, Resurrection, p 4.

52 Ibid pp 5, 7, 5.

53 Dewsbury, W., A Discovery of the Ground from whence the Persecution did arise (London 1655) p 12 Google Scholar; in Braithwaite, Beginnings p 175, following Smith, Edward, Life of William Dewsbury (London 1836) p 95 Google Scholar, ‘us’ is altered to ‘it’.

54 Braithwaite, Beginnings pp 63, 175.

55 Concurrence and Unanimity of the People called Quakers (London 1694) p 22.

56 Reliquiae Baxterianae ed Sylvester, M. (London 1696) App IV, p 93 Google Scholar; see Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum 1642-1660, edd Firth, C. H. and Rait, R. S. (London 1911) II, pp 1350, 1353. 1424Google Scholar.

57 Lilburne, Resurrection p 8.

58 The MS is preserved between J[ackson], J[ohn], Strength in Weakness (London 1655)Google Scholar and [Jackson, John], Hosannah to the Son of David (London 1657) in Tract vol 309 Google Scholar.

59 Lilburne, Resurrection pp 9-10, 12.

60 Ibid p 9.

61 Hubberthorne, R., The Horn of the He-Goat Broken (London 1656) p 11 Google Scholar.

62 Ibid pp 10-11.

63 Swarthmore MS IV fol 14.

64 Mercurius Politicus for 27 August to 3 September 1637, no 379, p 1600.

65 Friends House Library, Thirnbeck MS II fol 2;JFHS 9 (1912) p 53.

66 Penn, in Fox, Journal, ed Ellwood, preface, fo. Fir.

67 DNB, under Lilburne.

68 Fox and Nayler, Severall Papers p 15.

69 Copies of Some few of the Papers given into the House of Parliament in the time of Iames Naylers trial (n.p., n.d.) p 5.

70 Fox, G., This is to all Officers . . . and to all Magistrates (London 1657) p 4 Google Scholar.

71 N[orth] R[iding] R[ecord] 0[ffice], Report for 1966 pp 31-2.

72 Mather, C., Magnalia Christi Americana (London 1702) bk III pt ii cap 1 pp 75-6Google Scholar.

73 Original Records of Early Nonconformity wider Persecution and Indulgence ed Turner, G. L. (London/Leipzig 1911) 1 p 173 Google Scholar.

74 NRRO, Report for 1966 pp 32, 34. For Swale, of whom we may expect a study by Arthur Raistrick, see also [Richard Robinson], A Blast blown out of the North (n.p., 1680) p 7.

75 Braithwaite, W. C., ‘The Westmorland and Swaledale Seekers in 1651’, JFHS 5 (1908) pp 3–10 Google Scholar, using the same MS as is reported on in NRRO Report for 1966.

76 Braithwaite, Beginnings p 93.

77 Swarthmore MS III fol 29.

78 Penney, First Publishers p 253.

79 Braithwaite, Second Period p 363.

80 JFHS 33 (1936) p 70.

81 Brayshaw, The Quakers p 132 n 3.

82 Thurloe VI pp 167, 215, 168.

83 Swarthmore MS III fol 146.

84 B[urrough], E[dward], Visitation of Love unto the King (London 1660) p 10 Google Scholar.

85 Burrough, Edward, Visitation & Warning Proclaimed (London 1659) pp 30-1Google Scholar.

86 To the Generals and Captains, Officers and Souldiers of this present Army (n.p., n.d.) p 7.

87 Penney, Extracts p 43.

88 Barbour p 1.

89 Penney, Extracts p 8.

90 Nuttall, G. F.. Christianity and Violence (Royston 1972) pp 14–15, 38Google Scholar.

91 Nuttall, G. F., The Holy Spirit in Puritan Faith and Experience (Oxford 1946) p 124 n 5Google Scholar.

92 Jones, [R. T.], [Vavasor] Powell (Abertawe 1971) pp 132-3Google Scholar; Nuttall, [G. F.], [The] Welsh Saints (Cardiff 1957) cap 4 Google Scholar.

93 Rogers, E., Some Account of the Life and Opinions of a Fifth-Monarchy-Man (London 1867) pp 175, 152, 211-12Google Scholar.

94 Erbury, W., An Olive-Leaf (London 1654)Google Scholar, reprinted in his posthumous Testimony (London 1658) pp 186-7.

95 Jones, Powell pp 108-9.

96 Nuttall, Welsh Saints pp 84-7.

For access to much of the material used in this paper, and for constant and willing help, I thank the librarian of the Society of Friends, Edward H. Milligan, and his assistants, Robert C. Nessling and Malcolm J. Thomas.