Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T21:30:19.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Evangelical Discovery of History*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

David W. Bebbington
David W. Bebbington*
Affiliation:
University of Stirling
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

‘From some modern perspectives’, wrote James Belich, a leading historian of New Zealand, in 1996, ‘the evangelicals are hard to like. They dressed like crows; seemed joyless, humourless and sometimes hypocritical; [and] they embalmed the evidence poor historians need to read in tedious preaching’. Similar views have often been expressed in the historiography of Evangelical Protestantism, the subject of this essay. It will cover such disapproving appraisals of the Evangelical past, but because a high proportion of the writing about the movement was by insiders it will have more to say about studies by Evangelicals of their own history. Evangelicals are taken to be those who have placed particular stress on the value of the Bible, the doctrine of the cross, an experience of conversion and a responsibility for activism. They were to be found in the Church of England and its sister provinces of the Anglican communion, forming an Evangelical party that rivalled the high church and broad church tendencies, and also in the denominations that stemmed from Nonconformity in England and Wales, as well as in the Protestant churches of Scotland. Evangelicals were strong, often overwhelmingly so, within Methodism and Congregationalism and among the Baptists and the Presbyterians. Some bodies that arose later on, including the (so-called Plymouth) Brethren, the Churches of Christ and the Pentecostals (the last two primarily American in origin), joined the Evangelical coalition.

Type
Part II: Changing Perspectives on Church History
Information
Studies in Church History , Volume 49: The Church on its Past , 2013 , pp. 330 - 364
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

I am very grateful to Mark Noll for his comments on this essay and to other friends for discussion of topics in this field.

References

1 Belich, James, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders: From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteeenth Century (Auckland, 1996), 135.Google Scholar

2 The series ‘A History of Evangelicalism’ is the most convenient source for an overview. So far it contains three volumes: Noll, Mark A., The Rise of Evangelicalism : The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys (Leicester, 2004)Google Scholar; Wolffe, John, The Expansion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Wilberforce, More, Chalmers and Finney (Nottingham, 2006)Google Scholar; and Bebbington, David W., The Dominance of Evangelicalism: The Age of Spurgeon and Moody (Leicester, 2005)Google Scholar. Two further volumes on the twentieth century are in preparation.

3 e.g. Fath, Sébastien, Une autre manière d’être chrétien en France: Socio-histoire de l’implantation baptiste (1810–1950) (Geneva, 2001)Google Scholar; Ward, W. Reg, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (Cambridge, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nichols, Gregory L., The Development of Russian Evangelical Spirituality: A Study of Ivan V. Kargel (Eugene, OR, 2011).Google Scholar

4 Noll, Mark A., The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind (Grand Rapids, MI, 1994).Google Scholar

5 Weber, Timothy, Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming: American Premillennialism, 1875–1925 (New York, 1979)Google Scholar. The same premillennial school of thought predominated long after 1925.

6 Noble, Thomas A., Research for the Academy and Church. Tyndale House and Fellowship: The First Sixty Years (Leicester, 2006).Google Scholar

7 Bruce, Frederick F., ‘Church History and Its Lessons’, in The Church: A Symposium, ed. Watson, J. B. (London, 1949), 178 Google Scholar, quoted by Grass, Tim, F. F Bruce: A Life (Milton Keynes, 2011), 73.Google Scholar

8 Wheaton, IL, Wheaton College, Billy Graham Center, Archives of the Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals [hereafter: ISAE], ‘Proposal for a Planning Grant: An Institute for the Study of American Evangelicalism’ (typescript, Wheaton, IL, 1982), 1. I am grateful to Eric Brandt for his assistance with research in these archives.

9 ISAE, Harry S. [‘Skip’] Stout to ISAE Advisors, 29 May 1994.

10 Circular announcing a meeting to establish the Baptist Historical Society, April 1908, quoted by Faith Bowers, ‘Centenary History of the Baptist Historical Society: Part 1: 1908–2008’, Baptist Quarterly 42 (2008), 325–39, at 325.

11 G[eorge]. Balleine, R., A History of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England (London, 1951)Google Scholar, v.

12 Wearmouth, Robert F., Methodism and the Working-Class Movements of England, 1800–1850 (London, 1937); idem, Methodism and the Common People of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1945); idem, Methodism and the Struggle of the Working Classes, 1850–1900 (Leicester, 1954); idem, The Social and Political Influence of Methodism in the Twentieth Century (London, 1957).Google Scholar

13 Mead, Sidney E., ‘Professor Sweet’s Religion and Culture in America: A Review Article’, ChH 32 (1953), 33–49 Google Scholar, at 41–2; Ash, James L. Jr, Protestantism and the American University: An Intellectual Biography of William Warren Sweet (Dallas, TX, 1982), 103.Google Scholar

14 Handy, Robert T., A History of the Churches in the United States and Canada, OHCC (Oxford, 1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

15 Hulbert, Kenneth, Passion for Souls: The Story of Charles H. Hulbert, Methodist Missioner (London, 1959).Google Scholar

16 McConnell, Francis J., John Wesley (New York, 1939), 310 Google Scholar, quoted by Heitzenrater, Richard, The Elusive Mr. Wesley, 2 vols (Nashville, TN, 1984), 2: 203.Google Scholar

17 G[eorge]. Davies, C. B., The Early Cornish Evangelicals, 1735–60 (London, 1951).Google Scholar

18 Lindström, Harald, Wesley and Sanctification (London, 1946).Google Scholar

19 L[eonard]. Elliott-Binns, E., The Early Evangelicals: A Religious and Social Study (London, 1953), 5.Google Scholar

20 A[nthony]. Pouncy, G., Henry Martyn, 1781–1812: The First Modern Apostle to the Mohammedan (London, 1947).Google Scholar

21 Bartlett, Daniel H. C., Foreword to W[alter]. Hooton, S. and Wright, J. Stafford, The First Twenty-Five Years of the Bible Churchmen’s Missionary Society (1922–47) (London, 1947), ix.Google Scholar

22 Latourette, Kenneth S., A History of the Expansion of Christianity, 7 vols (New York, 1937-47).Google Scholar

23 G[eorge]. Young, M., Victorian England: Portrait of an Age, 2nd edn (London, 1957), 1.Google Scholar

24 Smyth, Charles, ‘The Evangelical Discipline’, and Gordon Rupp, ‘Evangelicalism of the Nonconformists’, in Ideas and Beliefs of the Victorians: An Historic Reuahiation of the Victorian Age (London, 1949), 97–104, 105–12.Google Scholar

25 The frequently reprinted L., J[ohn]. and Hammond, Barbara, Lord Shaftesbury (London, 1923)Google Scholar, had put Shaftesbury on the intellectual map.

26 Hofstadter, Richard, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (London, 1964), 47.Google Scholar

27 McLoughlin, William G. Jr, Modern Revivalism: Charles Crandison Finney to Billy Graham (New York, 1959), vi.Google Scholar

28 Clark, Manning, The History of Australia, 6 vols (Parkville, Vic., 1962-87).Google Scholar

29 Clark, Manning, A Historian’s Apprenticeship (Parkville, Vic., 1992), ch. 1.Google Scholar

30 Wesley, John, The Appeals to Men of Reason and Religion and Certain Related Open Letters, ed. Cragg, Gerald R., The Works of John Wesley, Vol. 11 (Oxford, 1975)Google Scholar. The series continues.

31 Ward, W[illiam]. R., Religion and Society in England, 1790–1850 (London, 1972)Google Scholar; Wigger, John H., Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America (New York, 1998)Google Scholar; Hempton, David, Methodism: Empire of the Spirit (New Haven, CT, 2005).Google Scholar

32 Walsh, John, ‘Methodism at the End of the Eighteenth Century’, in Davies, Rupert, George, A. Raymond and Rupp, Gordon, eds, A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, 4 vols (London, 1965-88), 1: 275–315 Google Scholar; Walsh, J[ohn]. D., ‘Origins of the Evangelical Revival’, in Essays in Modern English Church History in Memory of Norman Sykes, ed. Bennett, G[areth]. V. and Walsh, J[ohn]. D. (London, 1966), 132–62.Google Scholar

33 Noll, Mark A., Princeton and the Republic, 1768–1822: The Search for a Christian Enlightenment in the Era of Samuel Stanhope (Princeton, NJ, 1989)Google Scholar; Vaudry, Richard W., The Free Church in Victorian Canada, 1844–1861 (Waterloo, ON, 1989).Google Scholar

34 Zeman, Jarold K., Open Doors: Canadian Baptists, 1950–1990 (Hantsport, NS, 1992).Google Scholar

35 Rowdon, Harold H., The Origins of the Brethren, 1825–1850 (London, 1967)Google Scholar; Harrell, David Edwin Jr, A Social History of the Disciples of Christ, 1: Quest for a Christian America: The Disciples of Christ and American Society to 1966 (Nashville, TN, 1966)Google Scholar; Hollenweger, Walter J., The Pentecostals (London, 1972).Google Scholar

36 Wuthnow, Robert, The Restructuring of American Religion: Society and Faith since World War II (Princeton, NJ, 1988).Google Scholar

37 Drummond, Lewis, Spurgeon: Prince of Preachers (Grand Rapids, IL, 1992), 715 Google Scholar, 44, 771 respectively.

38 Pollock, John, Wilberforce (London, 1977).Google Scholar

39 Rack, Henry D., Reasonable Enthusiast: John Wesley ana the Rise of Methodism (London, 1989).Google Scholar

40 Lloyd, Gareth, Charles Wesley and the Struggle for Methodist Identity (Oxford, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Streiff, Patrick, Reluctant Saint? A Theological Biography of Fletcher of Madeley (Peterborough, 2001)Google Scholar; Wigger, John H., American Saint: Francis Asbury and the Methodists (Oxford, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41 George, M. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards: A Life (New Haven, CT, 2003).Google Scholar

42 Brown, Stewart J., Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth in Scotland (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar; Findlay, James F. Jr, Dwight L. Moody: American Evangelist (Chicago, 1969)Google Scholar; Harrell, David Edwin, Oral Roberts: An American Life (Bloomington, IN, 1985)Google Scholar; Oldstone-Moore, Christopher, Hugh Price Hughes: Founder of a New Methodism, Conscience of a New Nonconformity (Cardiff, 1999).Google Scholar

43 Walls, Andrew F., The Missionary Movement in Christian History: Studies in the Transmission of Faith (Edinburgh, 1996); The Cross-Cultural Process in Christian History: Studies in the Transmission and Appropriation of Faith (New York, 2002).Google Scholar

44 Stanley, Brians, The World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh, 1910, Studies in the History of Christian Missions (Grand Rapids, MI, 2009).Google Scholar

45 Porter, Andrew, Religion versus Empire? Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914 (Manchester, 2004).Google Scholar

46 Hastings, Adrian, The Church in Africa, 1450–1950, OHCC (Oxford, 1994), 271.Google Scholar

47 Hilton, Boyd, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1785–1865 (Oxford, 1988).Google Scholar

48 Carwardine, Richard J., Evangelicals and Politics in Antebeilum America (New Haven, CT, 1993), ix.Google Scholar

49 Allen, Richard, The Social Passion: Religion and Social Reform in Canada, 1914–28 (Toronto, ON, 1971).Google Scholar

50 Brierley, Peter, The Tide is Running Out: What the English Church Attendance Survey Reveals (London, 2000), 27; idem, ed., UK Christian Handbook, Religious Trends No. 2 (London, 1999), 12.3.Google Scholar

51 Wuthnow, , Restructuring of American Religion Google Scholar, ch. 8.

52 Marsden, George M., Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (New York, 1980).Google Scholar

53 Smith, Timothy L., Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War (Nashville, TN, 1957).Google Scholar

54 Burch, Maxie B., The Evangelical Historians: The Historiography of George Marsden, Nathan Hatch and Mark Noll (Lanham, MD, 1996), 5, 3.Google Scholar

55 Willmer, Haddon, ‘Evangelicalism, 1785 to 1835’, Hulsean Prize essay, University of Cambridge (1962).Google Scholar

56 Personal experience.

57 Lindsay, D. Michael, Faith in the Halls of Power: How Evangelicals joined the American Elite (New York, 2007), chs 3–4.Google Scholar

58 Christianity and History Bulletin, no. 6 (Summer 2010), 7–43.

59 ‘The Conference on Christianity and History’, <http://www.huntington.edu/cfh/fides.htm>, accessed 1 August 2011.

60 Linder, Robert D., ‘Editorial’, Fides et Historia [hereafter: FH] 2 (1969), 2.Google Scholar

61 Treloar, Geoffrey R., ‘History as Vocation: Stuart Piggin as Evangelical Historian and Historian of Evangelicalism’, in Making History for God: Essays on Evangelicalism, Revival and Mission in Honour of Stuart Piggin, Master of Robert Menzies College, 1990–2004, ed. Treloar, Geoffrey R. and Linder, Robert D. (Sydney, 2004), 3–34 Google Scholar, at 14.

62 Hatch, Nathan O. and Noll, Mark A., eds, The Bible in America: Essays in Cultural History (New York, 1982).Google Scholar

63 ISAE, George Marsden, ‘ISAE: Retrospect and Prospect – June 1994’.

64 Bruce, F[rederick]. F., Tradition Old and New (Grand Rapids, MI, 1970), 9.Google Scholar

65 White, B[arrington]. R., Authority: A Baptist View (London, 1976), 23–6.Google Scholar

66 Webber, Robert E., Common Roots: A Call to Evangelical Maturity (Grand Rapids, MI, 1978).Google Scholar

67 Webber, Robert, Ancient-Future Faith: Rethinking Evangelicalism for a Postmodern World (Grand Rapids, MI, 1999), 180–1, chs 4, 8, 11, 14.Google Scholar

68 Miller, Charles J., ‘Is there a Christian Approach to History?’, FH 2 (1969), 3–15.Google Scholar

69 Kuyper, Abraham, Lectures on Calvinism (Grand Rapids, MI, 1931).Google Scholar

70 Frame, John, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought (Phillipsburg, NJ, 1995).Google Scholar

71 McIntire, C.T., ‘The Focus of Historical Study: A Christian View’, FH 14 (1981), 6–17, esp. 10, 11.Google Scholar

72 Marsden, George M., ‘The Spiritual Vision of History’, FH 14 (1981), 55–66, at 56.Google Scholar

73 Christianity and History: An International Newsletter, no. 2 (1991), 1–3.

74 Murray, Iain H., Heroes (Edinburgh, 2009).Google Scholar

75 Murray, Iain H., in Banner of Truth, July 1994, 8.Google Scholar

76 White, David, in Banner of Truth, March 1994, 29.Google Scholar

77 Stout, Harry S., in Banner of Truth March 1995, 7–10, at 7, 8.Google Scholar

78 Murray, Iain H., in Banner of Truth March 1995, 10–11, at 11.Google Scholar

79 ‘Association of Denominational Historical Societies and Cognate Libraries’, <http://www.adhscl.org.uk/>, accessed 2 August 2011.

80 Toon, Peter, Evangelical Theology, 1833–1856: A Response to Tractarianism, Marshall’s Theological Library (London, 1979).Google Scholar

81 Wolffe, John R., The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain, 1829–1860 (Oxford, 1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

82 Maiden, John, National Religion and the Prayer Book Controversy, 1927-1928 (Woodbridge, 2009).Google Scholar

83 ‘World Methodist Historical Society’, <http://www.gcah.org/site/pp.aspx?c=ghKJIoPHIoE&b=3761527>, accessed 2 August 2011.

84 Noll, Mark A., Bebbington, David W. and Rawlyk, George A., eds, Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles and Beyond, 1700–1900 (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Rawlyk, George A. and Noll, Mark A., eds, Amazing Grace: Evangelicalism in Australia, Britain, Canada and the United States (Montreal, 1994).Google Scholar

85 Christianity and History: An International Newsletter, nos 1–8 (1991–4).

86 See n. 2 above.

87 Ward, W[illiam]. R., The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (Cambridge, 1992); idem, Early Evangelicalism: A Global Intellectual History, 1670–1789 (Cambridge, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

88 See Walsh, John, ‘Profile: W. R. Ward: Methodist Historian and Historian of Methodism’, Epworth Review 22 (1995), 41–6.Google Scholar

89 See n. 43 above.

90 Newbigin, Lesslie, The Other Side of 1984: Questions for the Churches (London, 1983).Google Scholar

91 Montefiore, Hugh, ed., The Gospel and Contemporary Culture (London, 1992)Google Scholar; ‘The Gospel and Our Culture’, <http://gospel-culture.org.uk/intro.htm>, accessed 3 August 2011.

92 See n. 52 above.

93 Sizer, Sandra S., Gospel Hymns and Social Religion: The Rhetoric of Nineteenth-Century Revivalism (Philadelphia, PA, 1978).Google Scholar

94 Bebbington, D[avid]. W., Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the thesis of ch. 1 of this book, see Haykin, Michael G. and Stewart, Kenneth J., eds, The Emergence of Evangelicalism: Exploring Historical Continuities (Nottingham, 2008), published in the United States as The Advent of Evangelicalism: Exploring Historical Continuities (Nashville, TN, 2008).Google Scholar

95 Shaw, Jane, ‘Introduction: Why “Culture and the Nonconformist Tradition”?’, in eadem and Kreider, Alan, eds, Culture and the Nonconformist Tradition (Cardiff, 1999), 6.Google Scholar

96 Kent, Alan M., Pulp Methodism: The Lives & Literature of Silas, Joseph & Salome Hocking, Three Cornish Novelists (St Austell, 2002)Google Scholar; Wellings, Martin, ‘“Pulp Methodism” revisited: The Literature and Significance of Silas and Joseph Hocking’, in Clarke, Peter and Methuen, Charlotte, eds, The Church and Literature, SCH 48 (Woodbridge, 2012), 362–73.Google Scholar

97 Bebbington, D[avid]. W., ‘Holiness in the Evangelical Tradition’, in Barton, Stephen C., ed., Holiness Past and Present (London, 2003), 298–315 Google Scholar, at 308–14.

98 The first was Peter Adam, Living the Trinity (Bramcote, 1982).

99 Randall, Ian, Evangelical Experiences: A Study in the Spirituality of English Evangelicalism, 1918–1939 (Carlisle, 1999).Google Scholar

100 Kidd, Thomas S., The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America (New Haven, CT, 2007).Google Scholar

101 Rawlyk, George A., Ravished by the Spirit: Religious Revivals, Baptists and Henry Alline (Montreal, 1984); idem, Henry Alline: Selected Writings, Sources of American Spirituality (xsNew York, 1987).Google Scholar

102 Rawlyk, George A., The Canada Fire: Radical Evangelicalism in British North America (Montreal, 1984)Google Scholar. On Rawlyk, see Noll, Mark A., ‘George Rawlyk’s Contribution to Canadian History as a Contribution to United States History: A Preliminary Probe’, FH 32 (2000), 1–17 Google Scholar, also in Goodwin, Daniel C., ed., Revivals, Baptists, and George Rawlyk, Baptist Heritage in Atlantic Canada 17 (Wolfville, NS, 2000), 29–51.Google Scholar

103 Holmes, Janice, Religious Revivals in Britain and Ireland, 1850–1905 (Dublin, 2000)Google Scholar; Cooper, Kate and Gregory, Jeremy, eds, Revival and Resurgence in Christian History, SCH 44 (Woodbridge, 2008).Google Scholar

104 McLeod, Hugh, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City (London, 1974).Google Scholar

105 Scotland, Nigel, Methodism and the Revolt of the Field: A Study of the Methodist Contribution to Agricultural Trade Unionism in East Anglia, 1872–1896 (Gloucester, 1981).Google Scholar

106 Johnson, Paul E., A Shopkeeper’s Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815–1837 (New York, 1978), 138.Google Scholar

107 Brown, Ford K., Fathers of the Victorians: The Age of Wilberforce (Cambridge, 1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thompson, E[dward]. P., The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth, 1968; first publ. 1963), 418.Google Scholar

108 Ward, Religion and Society; Hatch, Nathan O., The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, CT, 1989).Google Scholar

109 On Thompson, see Hempton, David and Walsh, John, ‘E. P. Thompson and Methodism’, in Noll, Mark A., ed., God and Mammon: Protestants, Money and the Market, 1790–1860 (New York, 2002), 99–120.Google Scholar

110 MacLaren, A. Allan, Religion and Class: The Disruption Years in Aberdeen (London, 1974).Google Scholar

111 Hillis, Peter, ‘Presbyterianism and Social Class in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Glasgow: A Study of Nine Churches’, JEH 32 (1981), 47–64.Google Scholar

112 Novick, Peter, That Noble Dream: The ‘Objectivity Question’ and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge, 1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

113 Montgomery, John Warwick, The Shape of the Past: A Christian Response to Secular Philosophies of History (Minneapolis, MN, 1975), 8.Google Scholar

114 Rawlyk, George A., ‘Writing about Canadian Revivals’, in Blumhofer, Edith L. and Balmer, Randall, eds, Modern Christian Revivals (Urbana, IL, 1993), 208–26 Google Scholar, at 219.

115 McIntire, , ‘Focus of Historical Study’, 12–13 Google Scholar; Bebbington, David, Patterns in History (Leicester, 1979), ch. 6.Google Scholar

116 Anderson, Olive, ‘Women Preachers in Mid-Victorian Britain: Some Reflexions on Feminism, Popular Religion and Social Change’, HistJ 12 (1969), 467–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

117 Prochaska, F[rank]. K., Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England (Oxford, 1980).Google Scholar

118 Davidoff, Leonore and Hall, Catherine, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (London, 1987).Google Scholar

119 Wilson, Linda, Constrained by Zeal: Female Spirituality among Nonconformists, 1825–1875 (Carlisle, 2000).Google Scholar

120 Bebbington, D[avid]. W., ‘qEvangelicals and the Role of Women, 1800–1930’, Christian Arena 37 (1984), 19–23.Google Scholar

121 ISAE, ‘ISAE History Research: Consultations’, 14–15.

122 Juster, Susan, Disorderly Women: Sexual Politics and Evangelicalism in Revolutionary New England (Ithaca, NY, 1994).Google Scholar

123 Lauer, Laura, ‘William Booth: Saint or Charlatan?’, and Bradstock, Andrew, ‘“A Man of God is a Manly Man”: Spurgeon, Luther and “Holy Boldness”’, in Bradstock, Andrew et al., eds, Masculinity and Spirituality in Victorian Culture (Basingstoke, 2000), 194–208, 209–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

124 Sobel, Mechal, Trabelin’ On: The Slave Journey to an Afro-Baptist Faith (Princeton, NJ, 1979), 190–9 Google Scholar; Boles, John B., ed., Masters & Slaves in the House of the Lord: Race and Religion in the American South, 1740–1870 (Lexington, KY, 1988).Google Scholar

125 Harvey, Paul, Redeeming the South: Religious Cultures and Racial Identities among Southern Baptists, 1865–1925 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1997); idem, Freedom’s Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the American South from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Era (Chapel Hill, NC, 2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

126 Noll, Mark A., God and Race in American Politics: A Short History (Princeton, NJ, 2008), 135.Google Scholar

127 Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920 (Cambridge, MA, 1993).Google Scholar

128 e.g. McLoughlin, William G. Jr, Cherokees and Misssionaries, 1789-1839 (New Haven CT, 1984)Google Scholar; Harris, John W., One Blood: 200 Years of Aboriginal Encounter with Christianity: A Story of Hope, 2nd edn (Sutherland, NSW, 1994).Google Scholar

129 Anstey, Roger, The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760–1810 (London, 1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

130 Anti-Slavery, Religion and Reform: Essays in Memory of Roger Anstey, ed. Bolt, Christine and Drescher, Seymour (Folkestone, 1980).Google Scholar

131 Brown, Christopher Leslie, Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006).Google Scholar

132 Hague, William, William Wilberforce: The Life of the Great Anti-Slave Trade Campaigner (London, 2007).Google Scholar

133 Noll, Mark A., America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York, 2002), 201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

134 Howe, Daniel Walker, What God Hath Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, Oxford History of the United States (New York, 2007), 188.Google Scholar

135 Mews, Stuart, ed., Religion and National Identity, SCH 18 (Oxford, 1982).Google Scholar

136 Robbins, Keith, Nineteenth-Century Britain: Integration and Diversity (Oxford, 1988); idem, History, Religion and Identity in Modern Britain (London, 1993); idem, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales: The Christian Church, 1900–2000, OHCC (Oxford, 2008).Google Scholar

137 Jones, R. Tudur, Faith and the Crisis of a Nation: Wales, 1890–1914 (Cardiff, 2004; first publ. in Welsh 1981–2).Google Scholar

138 Pope, Robert, ed., Religion and National Identity: Wales and Scotland, c. 1700–2000 (Cardiff, 2001).Google Scholar

139 Brown, Callum, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation 1800–2000 (London, 2001).Google Scholar

140 Reardon, Bernard M. G., Religious Thought in the Victorian Age: A Survey from Coleridge to Gore (London, 1980; first publ. 1971), 29.Google Scholar

141 s Foster, Frank H., A Genetic History of the New England Theology (Chicago, IL, 1907) and Haroutunian, Joseph, Piety versus Moralism: The Passing of the New England Theology (New York, 1932) are the classic studies.Google Scholar

142 Kuklick, Bruce, Philosophers and Churchmen: From Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey (New Haven, CT, 1985).Google Scholar

143 Brooke, John Hedley, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge, 1991).Google Scholar

144 Livingstone, David N., Hart, D. G. and Noll, Mark A., eds, Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective (New York, 1999).Google Scholar

145 Chapman, Alister, Coffey, John and Gregory, Brad S., eds, Seeing Things Their Way: Intellectual History and the Return of Religion (Notre Dame, IN, 2009).Google Scholar

146 Sell, Alan F., Defending and Declaring the Faith: Some Scottish Examples, 1860–1920 (Exeter, 1987)Google Scholar, and many subsequent titles; Holifield, E. Brooks, Theology in America: Christian Thought from the Age of the Puritans to the Civil War (New Haven, CT, 2003).Google Scholar

147 Hopkins, Mark, Nonconformity’s Romantic Generation: Evangelical and Liberal Theologies in Victorian England, SEHT (Carlisle, 2004).Google Scholar

148 Groothuis, Douglas Truth Decay: Defending Christianity against the Challenges of Postmodernism (Downers Grove, IL, 2000).Google Scholar

149 Webber, Ancient-Future Faith, esp. 29–34. An exception was Stanley Grenz, an Evangelical who was sympathetic to postmodernism and, although primarily a theologian, also wrote history.

150 Miller, Eric, ‘Introduction: A Tradition Renewed? The Challenge of a Generation’, in Fea, John, Green, Jay and Miller, Eric, eds, Confessing History: Explorations in the Christian Faith and the Historian’s Vocation (Notre Dame, IN, 2010), 9. I am grateful to Andy Tooley for this reference.Google Scholar