Heresy and schism as social and national movements

W. H. C. Frend

doi:10.1017/S0424208400005714

Heresy and schism as social and national movements

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016

W. H. C. Frend

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W. H. C. Frend*: Affiliation:
University of Glasgow

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Information: Studies in Church History , Volume 9: Schism, Heresy and Religious Protest , 1972 , pp. 37 - 56

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0424208400005714 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 1972

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^{page no 37 note 1} The best account of the negotiations between the Greeks and the Latins at Florence is that by [Joseph], Gill, [The Council of Florence] (Cambridge 1959)Google Scholar. For the celebrations in London see p 299.

^{page no 37 note 2} Ducas, , Historia bizantina, ed Bekker, I. (Bonn 1834) XXXII, p 216 Google Scholar. See Gill, p 349.

^{page no 38 note 1} Ibid XXXVII, p 264, A statement attributed to Gennadius.

^{page no 38 note 2} On the cultural and geographical factors behind the various types of church government in the time of the apostles and their successors see Ehrhardt, A. A. T., The Apostolic Succession (London 1953) ch 111Google Scholar.

^{page no 39 note 1} For a bibliography and discussion see my The Donatisi Church (2nd ed, Oxford 1971) pp v-vi.

^{page no 40 note 1} For Volubilis see Berger, P., Bulletin Archéologique du Comité’ des Travaux Historiques (Paris 1892) p 64 Google Scholar, and Thouvenot, R., Révue des Etudes Africaines (Paris 1969) pp 352-9Google Scholar.

^{page no 40 note 2} See the comments of Monceaux, P. in Histoire littéraire de l’Afrique du Nord (Paris 1901) ch 1Google Scholar.

^{page no 40 note 3} Tertullian, Adversus Marcionem, 111, 8.

^{page no 40 note 4} Tertullian, Apologia, XXXIX, 1 and De Spectaculis. 11.

^{page no 40 note 5} For instance Tertullian, De Praescriptione, VII and De Idololatria, XIX.

^{page no 40 note 6} Tertullian, De Spectaculis, XXX.

^{page no 41 note 1} As shown by the Numidian leader Secundus of Tigisis claiming how in contrast to the primate of Africa, Mensurius of Carthage, his stand during the persecution might be compared with that of Eleazer, the martyr priest in the saga of the Maccabees (2 Macc. 6:21). Augustine, Brev[iculus] Coll[ationis cum Donatistis], 111, 13, 25.

^{page no 41 note 2} Cyprian, , Epistolae, ed Hartel, W., 3 vols, CSEL, 111 (1868-71), LXVII, 3 Google Scholar, LXIX, 8.

^{page no 41 note 3} Ibid ep LXIX; De Unitale Ecclesiae, VI.

^{page no 41 note 4} Cyprian, ep LXVII, 3-6 (the case of the Spanish bishops).

^{page no 41 note 5} Ibid ep XLII, 1.

^{page no 42 note 1} Lactantius, , Divinae Institutiones, ed Brandt, S., CSEL, XIX (1890) V, 1, 24 Google Scholar.

^{page no 42 note 2} Thus Cyprian’s comment in De Lapsis XI concerning wealthy libellatici’ Decepit multos patrimonii sui amor caecas’, ed Hartel, W., CSEL, 111, 1, p 244 Google Scholar.

^{page no 42 note 3} This requirement was dropped with the agreement of the Caecilianists at the council of Aries in 314 (canon 9).

^{page no 42 note 4} See The Donatist Church, ch 1 and pp 141-4.

^{page no 43 note 1} Augustine, , Brev Coll, 111, 13, 25 Google Scholar ‘et fisci debitores, qui occasione persecutionis vel carere vellent onerosa multis debita vita...vel certe acquirere pecuniam’.

^{page no 43 note 2} Lactantius, , De Mortibus Persecutorum, ed Moreau, J., 2 vols, S[ources] Ch[rétiens] XXXIX (Paris 1954)Google Scholar VII, XXIII.

^{page no 43 note 3} Gesta apud Zenophilum, ed Ziwsa, C., CSEL, XXVI (1893) p 196 Google Scholar, ‘Campenses et harenarii fecerunt illum [Silvanum] episcopum...Prostibulae illic fuerunt’.

^{page no 43 note 4} Ibid pp 188-9.

^{page no 43 note 5} Optatus, , [De Schismatc Donattstorum], ed Ziwsa, C., CSEL, XXVI (1893) 1, 18 Google Scholar.

^{page no 44 note 1} On this theme, see my note on ‘The Roman Empire in the Eyes of the Western Schismatics’, Miscellanea Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 11 (Louvain 1961) pp 5-22.

^{page no 44 note 2} This aspect is brilliantly treated by Brisson, [J. P.], [Autonomisme et Christianisme dans l’Afrique romaine de Septime Sévère à l’invasion vandale] (Paris 1958) ch 1Google Scholar.

^{page no 44 note 3} As made clear in the case of bishop, Marculus, Passio Marculi, PL 8 (1844) 1, col 760Google Scholar.

^{page no 44 note 4} Gennadius, , De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, PL 59 (1862) IV Google Scholar, col 1059, concerning Vitellius Afer, ‘Si tacuisset de nostro velut persecutorum nomine egregiam doctrinam ediderat’.

^{page no 45 note 1} Augustine, , Contra Litteras Petiliani, 11, 92, 202 Google Scholar.

^{page no 45 note 2} Especially in the Passio Marculi and Passio Maximiaiii et Isaaci, PL 8 (1844), cols 760-72.

^{page no 45 note 3} Thus Jones, A. H. M., ‘Were ancient heresies national or social movements in disguise?’, JTS, new series X, 2 (1959) pp 280-98 at p 282CrossRef Google Scholar. Compare Croix, G. E. M. de Ste, ‘Christianity’s encounter with the Roman government’, Crucible of Christianity (London 1969) p 351 Google Scholar.

^{page no 45 note 4} Liber Genealogus, ed Mommsen, T., MGH, AA, IX (Berlin 1892) p 195 Google Scholar.

^{page no 46 note 1} See Carcofino, J., ‘Un empereur maure inconnu’, Révue des Etudes anciennes, XLVI (Paris 1944) pp 94–120 Google Scholar.

^{page no 46 note 2} De Civitate Dei, IV, 3.

^{page no 46 note 3} Zosimus, , Historia Nova ed Mendelssohn, L. (Leipzig 1887) IV, 16 Google Scholar.

^{page no 46 note 4} Optatus, 111, 4. See The Donatisi Church, pp 172-6; Brisson, chapter on ‘L’Impatience populaire’; Diesner, H.J., Kirche und Staat in spätromischen Reich (Berlin 1963) pp 110 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page no 47 note 1} Optatus, 111, 4.

^{page no 47 note 2} Ibid.

^{page no 47 note 3} Augustine, , Epistolae, CLXXXV, 4, 15 Google Scholar (written in 417).

^{page no 47 note 4} Ibid CVIII, 5, 14.

^{page no 47 note 5} As Tengström, E., Donatisten und Katholiken (Göteberg 1964) pp 51-2Google Scholar.

^{page no 47 note 6} Augustine, , Contra Litteras Petiliani, 11, 83, 184 Google Scholar (Donatist inquilini in Hippo).

^{page no 47 note 7} For the emperor Decius being regarded as the ‘forerunner of Antichrist’ in the popular view among African Christians see Cyprian, Ep LV, 9. Decius was ‘ipsum anguein maiorem metatorem antichristi’.

^{page no 47 note 8} As defined by Petilian of Constantine, cited by Augustine, , Contra Litteras Petiliani, 11, 89, 196 Google Scholar.

^{page no 48 note 1} Josephus, , Wars, IV, 3.2 Google Scholar; IV, 6, 1. Zealots ‘thirsting after the blood of valiant men and men of good families’. For zealot attitudes see Hengel, M., Die Zeloten (Leiden/Köln 1961) pp 266 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page no 48 note 2} See Büttner, T. and Werner, E., Circumcellionen und Adamiten zwei Formen mittelalterlicher Haeresie (Berlin 1959) pp 79–83 Google Scholar

^{page no 48 note 3} See Cohn, N., The Pursuit of the Millennium (2nd ed, London 1970) pp 238 ffGoogle Scholar; Rupp, G., Patterns of Reformation (London 1969) pp 298–302 Google Scholar.

^{page no 49 note 1} JTS, new series X, 2 (1959) pp 280-98.

^{page no 49 note 2} For the ‘nationalist’ thesis as applied to Monophysitism see Woodward, E. L., Christianity and Nationalism in the Later Roman Empire (London 1916) ch 11Google Scholar.

^{page no 50 note 1} See, for instance, the catalogue of incidents recorded in John, Rufus, Plerophoria, PO 8, 1 (1911)Google Scholar and in Michael the Syrian, [Chronicle], ed Chabot, J. B. (Paris 1901) VIII, 11–12 Google Scholar.

^{page no 50 note 2} Zacharius, Rhetor, HE, ed Brooks, E. W., CSCO, Series 111, Syriaci Scriptores, V-VI (1919-24) bk 111, 3, p 107 Google Scholar.

^{page no 50 note 3} For the text see Schwartz, E., ‘Eine antichalkedonische Sammlung aus der Zeit Kaiser Zenos’, Abhandlung en der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philologische-Historische Klasse, VI (Munich 1927) p 52 Google Scholar. For an English translation and notes see Norton, R. M. Coleman, Roman Empire and Church (London 1966) pp 924-33Google Scholar.

^{page no 51 note 1} Outlined in the letter of the presbyter Athanasius to the council of Chalcedon, Mansi VI, col 1029.

^{page no 51 note 2} Plerophoria, LXI, no greetings exchanged in the streets between the families of rival allegiances.

^{page no 51 note 3} Text in ACO, 11, ii, 2, pp 24-6.

^{page no 51 note 4} History of the Patriarchs, ed Evetts, B., PO 1 (1907) 1, ch XIV, p 498 Google Scholar.

^{page no 52 note 1} Cited from Vasiliev, A., Justin the First (Harvard 1950) p 234 Google Scholar.

^{page no 52 note 2} Michael the Syrian, VIII, 14, p 122.

^{page no 52 note 3} See John of Ephesus, Lives of the Eastern Saints; John of Tella, ed Brooks, E. W., PO XVIII, 4 (1924) pp 518-19Google Scholar.

^{page no 53 note 1} Besa, , Life of Schenute, ed Leipoldt, J., CSCO, Series 11, Scriptores Coptici, II; IV, 3; V, 4 (1906-13)Google Scholar latin translation H. Wiesmann (1931-6) LXXXI. Theoderet, , Letters, ed Azéma, Y., SC XL, XCVIII, CXI (1955-65) no 42 Google Scholar.

^{page no 53 note 2} Tchalenko, G., Villages, antiques de la Syrie du Nord (Paris/Beyrouth 1953) 1, p 178 Google Scholar.

^{page no 53 note 3} Socrates, , HE, 1, 11 Google Scholar

^{page no 53 note 4} Theodoret, , HE, V, 20 Google Scholar

^{page no 54 note 1} Thus Eusebius, Tricennial Oration I, 6; see Baynes, N. H., ‘The Byzantine State’, in Byzantine Studies and Other Essays (London 1955) pp 53-8Google Scholar.

^{page no 54 note 2} Ed Flemming, J., Nachrichten der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, new series XV (1917) p 33 Google Scholar.

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Heresy and schism as social and national movements

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