Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T22:30:05.491Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Term Limits as a Boon to Legislative Scholarship: A Review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2021

Christopher Z. Mooney
Christopher Z. Mooney*
Affiliation:
University of Illinois at Springfield
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

After an exceptionally swift reform movement in the 1990s, 15 states are now adjusting to the most significant institutional change to their governments in a generation—legislative term limits. Beyond the basic task of identifying and cataloguing their various substantive impacts, term limits have presented scholars with an exceptional opportunity to test legislative theory for two reasons. First, most legislative theory is based on behavioral assumptions that term limits appear to affect systematically, such as the reelection motivation. Second, the distribution of term limits across the states gives scholars exceptional methodological advantages for testing theory. In this article, I review the scholarly literature on the impacts of state legislative term limits, describe their theoretically relevant implications and methodological advantages, and advocate using the reform to develop an important research agenda.

Type
Research Article
Information
State Politics & Policy Quarterly , Volume 9 , Issue 2 , Summer 2009 , pp. 204 - 228
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achen, Christopher H. 1986. The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Snyder, James M. Jr. 2004. “Using Term Limits to Estimate Incumbency Advantages When Officeholders Retire Strategically.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 29:487–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apollonio, Dorie, and La Raja, Raymond J.. 2006. “Term Limits, Campaign Contributions, and the Distribution of Power in State Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 31:259–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Ross K. 1990. “Quack Therapy for Democracy,” Los Angeles Times, October 9, B7.Google Scholar
Baron, Reuben M., and Kenny, David A.. 1986. “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social-Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51:1173–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernhardt, Dan, Dubey, Sangita, and Hughson, Eric. 2004. “Term Limits and Pork Barrel Politics.” Journal of Public Economics 88:2383–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, Robert A., and Chadha, Anita. 2003. “The Effects of Term Limits on Representation: Why So Few Women?” In The Test of Time: Coping with Legislative Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Rausch, John David Jr., and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Beyle, Thad. 2004. “Governors.” In Politics in the American States, eds. Gray, Virginia and Hanson, Russell L.. 8th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Black, Gordon. 1972. “A Theory of Political Ambition: Career Choices and the Role of Structural Incentives.” American Political Science Review 66:144–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boatright, Robert G. 2004. “Static Ambition in a Changing World: Legislators' Preparations for, and Responses to, Redistricting.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 4:436–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowser, Jennifer Drage, Jones, Rich, Kurtz, Karl T., Rhyme, Nancy, and Weberg, Brian. 2003. “The Impact of Term Limits on Legislative Leadership.” In The Test of Time: Coping with Legislative Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Rausch, John David Jr., and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Cain, Bruce. 1996. “The Varying Impact of Legislative Term Limits.” In Legislative Term Limits: Public Choice Perspectives, ed. Grofman, Bernard. Boston, MA: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Cain, Bruce, and Wright, Gerald. 2007. “Committees.” In Institutional Change in America Politics: The Case of Term Limits, eds. Kurtz, Karl T., Cain, Bruce, and Niemi, Richard G.. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Cain, Bruce, Hanley, John, and Kousser, Thad. 2006. “Term Limits: A Recipe for More Competition?” In The Marketplace of Democracy: Electoral Competition and American Politics, eds. McDonald, Michael P. and Samples, John. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Cain, Bruce E., and Levin, Marc. 1999. “Term Limits.” Annual Review of Political Science 2:163–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, Bruce, Kousser, Thad, and Kurtz, Karl. 2007. “Institutional Imbalance: The Effects of Six Year Limits in California.” In Legislating without Experience: Case Studies in Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Mooney, Christopher Z., Powell, Richard, and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Calvert, Randall. 1995. “Rational Actors, Equilibrium, and Social Institutions.” In Explaining Social Institutions, eds. Knight, Jack and Sened, Itai. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, Donald T., and Stanley, Julian C.. 1963. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Caress, Stanley M. 1999. “The Influence of Term Limits on the Electoral Success of Women.” Women & Politics 20:45–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, John M. 1996. Term Limits and Legislative Representation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, John M., Niemi, Richard G., and Powell, Lynda W.. 1998. “The Effects of Term Limits on State Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23:271–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, John M., Niemi, Richard G., and Powell, Lynda W.. 2000. Term Limits in the State Legislatures. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, John M., Niemi, Richard G., Powell, Lynda W., and Moncrief, Gary F.. 2006. “The Effects of Term Limits on State Legislatures: A New Survey of the 50 States.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 31:105–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, Susan J., and Jenkins, Krista. 2001. “Do Term Limits Help Women Get Elected?” Social Science Quarterly 82:197–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Center for American Women and Politics. 2007. “Women in State Legislatures 2007.” Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. (www.cawp.rutgers.edu/Facts/Officeholders/stleg.pdf).Google Scholar
Chib, Siddhartha, and Jacobi, Liana. 2008. “Analysis of Treatment Response Data from Eligibility Designs.” Journal of Econometrics 144:465–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clucas, Richard A. 2003. “California: The New Amateur Politics.” In The Test of Time: Coping with Legislative Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Rausch, John David Jr., and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Cook, Thomas D., and Campbell, Donald T.. 1979. Quasi-Experimentation. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W., and Katz, Jonathan N.. 2002. Elbridge Gerry's Salamander: The Electoral Consequences of the Reapportionment Revolution. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W., and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Daniel, Kermit, and Lott, John R.. 1997. “Term Limits and Electoral Competitiveness: Evidence from California.” Public Choice 90:165–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePalo, Kathryn. 2008. “The Truly ‘Upper’ Chamber? Relations between the House and Senate after Term Limits.” Presented at the Eighth Annual State Politics and Policy Conference. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Diermeier, Daniel, Keane, Michael, and Merlo, Antonio. 2005. “A Political Economy Model of Congressional Careers.” American Economic Review 95:347–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, Todd, Mooney, Christopher Z., and Smith, Daniel A.. 2008. State and Local Politics: Institutions and Reform. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Elhauge, Einer. 1997. “Are Term Limits Undemocratic?” University of Chicago Law Review 64:83–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engstrom, Eric J., and Monroe, Nathan W.. 2006. “Testing the Bias of Incumbency Advantage: Strategic Candidates and Term Limits in the California Legislature.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 6:1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, Robert S., Wright, Gerald C., and McIver, John P.. 2006. “Public Opinion in the States: A Quarter Century of Change and Stability.” In Public Opinion in State Politics, ed. Cohen, Jeffrey E.. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Erler, H. Abbie. 2007. “Legislative Term Limits and State Spending.” Public Choice 133:479–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everson, David H. 1992. “The Impact of Term Limitations on the States: Cutting the Underbrush or Chopping Down the Tall Timber?” In Limiting Legislative Terms, eds. Benjamin, Gerald and Malbin, Michael J.. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Farmer, Rick, Mooney, Christopher Z., Powell, Richard, and Green, John C., eds. 2007. Legislating without Experience: Case Studies in Term Limits. Lanham, MD: Lexington, Books.Google Scholar
Farmer, Rick, Rausch, John David Jr., and Green, John C., eds. 2003. The Test of Time: Coping with Legislative Term Limits. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Fenno, Richard F. 1973. Congressmen in Committees. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Francis, Wayne L., and Kenny, Lawrence. 1997. “Equilibrium Projections of the Consequences of Term Limits upon Expected Tenure, Institutional Turnover, and Membership.” The Journal of Politics 59:240–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, Daniel D., and Westin, Tor. 1998. “Predicting the Institutional Effects of Term Limits.” Public Choice 96:381–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fund, John H. 1992. “Term Limitation: An Idea Whose Time Has Come.” In Limiting Legislative Terms, eds. Benjamin, Gerald and Malbin, Michael J.. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Garrett, Elizabeth. 1996. “Term Limitations and the Myth of the Citizen-Legislator.” Cornell Law Review 81:623–97.Google Scholar
Gelman, Andrew, and King, Gary. 1990. “Estimating Incumbency Advantage without Bias.” American Journal of Political Science 34:1142–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Stacy, and Unmack, Cynthia L.. 2003. “The Effect of Term Limits on Corporate PAC Allocation Patterns: The More Things Change . ..” State and Local Government Review 35:26–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Richard L., and Deardorff, Alan V.. 2006. “Lobbying as Legislative Subsidy.” American Political Science Review 100:69–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrick, Rebekah, and Moore, Michael K.. 1993. “Political Ambitions' Effects on Legislative Behavior: Schlesinger's Typology Reconsidered and Revised.” The Journal of Politics 55:765–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrick, Rebekah, Moore, Michael K., and Hibbing, John R.. 1994. “Unfastening the Electoral Connection: The Behavior of United States Representatives When Reelection Is No Longer a Factor.” The Journal of Politics 56:214–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrick, Rebekah, and Thomas, Sue. 2005. “Do Term Limits Make a Difference? Ambition and Motivations among U.S. State Legislators.” American Political Research 33:726–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herron, Michael C., and Shotts, Kenneth W.. 2006. “Term Limits and Pork.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 31:383–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, Daniel E., Imai, Kosuke, King, Gary, and Stuart, Elizabeth A.. 2007. “Matching as Non-parametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference.” Political Analysis 15:199–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holbrook, Thomas M., and Dunk, Emily Van. 1993. “Electoral Competition in the American States.” American Political Science Review 87:955–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hovey, Kendra A., and Hovey, Harold A.. 2007. CQ's State Fact Finder 2007. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Huefner, Steven F. 2004. “Term Limits in State Legislative Elections: Less Value for More Money?” Indiana Law Journal 79:427–92.Google Scholar
Imai, Kosuke, King, Gary, and Stuart, Elizabeth A.. 2008. “Misunderstandings between Experimentalists and Observationalists about Causal Inference.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (Series A) 171:481–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Infoplease. 2007. “Presidential Election 2004, Electoral and Popular Vote Summary.” www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0922901.html (January 16, 2009).Google Scholar
Jacobson, Gary C. 1989. “Strategic Politicians and the Dynamics of U.S. House Elections, 1946–86.” American Political Science Review 83:773–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Nokken, Timothy P.. 2008. “Partisanship, the Electoral Connection, and Lame-Duck Sessions of Congress, 1877–2006.” The Journal of Politics 70:450–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jewell, Malcolm E. 1982. Representation in State Legislatures. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Karp, Jeffrey A. 1995. “Explaining Public Support for Legislative Term Limits.” Public Opinion Quarterly 59:373–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kousser, Thad. 2003. “Term Limits and Legislative Performance.” In The Test of Time: Coping with Legislative Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Rausch, John David Jr., and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Kousser, Thad. 2005. Term Limits and the Dismantling of State Legislative Professionalism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kousser, Thad. 2008. “Term Limits and State Legislatures.” In Democracy in the States: Experiments in Election Reform, eds. Tolbert, Caroline, Donovan, Todd, and Cain, Bruce E.. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Kousser, Thad, and Straayer, John. 2007. “Budgets and the Policy Process.” In Institutional Change in America Politics: The Case of Term Limits, eds. Kurtz, Karl T., Cain, Bruce, and Niemi, Richard G.. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Krehbiel, Keith. 1998. Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroszner, Randall S., and Stratmann, Thomas. 1998. “Interest Group Competition and the Organization of Congress: Theory and Evidence from Financial Services Political Action Committees.” American Economic Review 88:1163–87.Google Scholar
Kunde, Wilfried, Koch, Iring, and Hoffmann, Joachim. 2004. “Anticipated Action Effects Affect the Selection, Initiation, and Execution of Actions.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A—Human Experimental Psychology 57A:87–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurfirst, Robert. 1996. “Term-Limits Logic: Paradigms and Paradoxes.” Polity 29:119–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurtz, Karl T., Cain, Bruce, and Niemi, Richard G., eds. 2007. Institutional Change in America Politics: The Case of Term Limits. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, Christopher N. 2007. “Of Shirking, Outliers, and Statistical Artifacts: Lame Duck Legislators and Support for Impeachment.” Political Research Quarterly 60:159–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, Jeffrey. 2006. “Term Limits: Multiple Effects on State Legislators' Career Decisions.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 6:357–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, Edward J. 2003. “Term Limits: Causes and Consequences.” Public Choice 114:1–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lott, John R. Jr., and Robert Reed, W.. 1989. “Shirking and Sorting in a Political Market with Finite-Lived Politicians.” Public Choice 61:75–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddox, H.W. Jerome. 2004. “Moving on up (and down) the Career Ladder: Term Limits and Career Decisions in U.S. State Legislatures.” Presented at the meeting of the International Political Science Association's Research Committee of Legislative Specialists Conference on Sub-State/Sub-National Legislatures, Quebec City, Quebec (CA).Google Scholar
Maestas, Cherie. 2000. “Professional Legislatures and Ambitious Politicians: Policy Responsiveness of State Institutions.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 25:663–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maestas, Cherie D., Fulton, Sarah, Maisel, L. Sandy, and Stone, Walter J.. 2006. “When to Risk It? Institutions, Ambitions, and the Decision to Run for the U.S. House.” American Political Science Review 100:195–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marschall, Melissa J., and Ruhil, Anirudh V.S.. 2005. “Fiscal Effects of the Voter Initiative Reconsidered: Addressing Endogeneity.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 5:327–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masket, Seth E. 2007. “It Takes an Outsider: Extralegislative Organization and Partisanship in the California Assembly, 1849–2006.” American Journal of Political Science 51:482–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masket, Seth E., and Lewis, Jeffrey B.. 2007. “A Return to Normalcy? Revisiting the Effects of Term Limits on Competitiveness and Spending in California Assembly Elections.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 7:20–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsusaka, John G. 2005. “The Endogeneity of the Initiative: A Comment on Marschall and Ruhil.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 5:356–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Meinke, Scott R., Staton, Jeffrey K., and Wuhs, Steven T.. 2006. “State Delegate Selection Rules for Presidential Nominations, 1972–2000.” The Journal of Politics 68:180–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miquel, Gerard Padro I., and Snyder, James M. Jr. 2006. “Legislative Effectiveness and Legislative Careers.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 31:347–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mixon, Franklin G. 1996. “Congressional Term Limitations: Chadwickian Policy as an Antecedent to Modern Ideas.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 55:155–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moen, Matthew C., Palmer, Kenneth T., and Powell, Richard J.. 2005. Changing Members: The Maine Legislature in the Era of Term Limits. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Moncrief, Gary, and Thompson, Joel A.. 2001. “On the Outside Looking in: Lobbyists' Perceptions of the Effects of State Legislative Term Limits.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 1:394–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moncrief, Gary, Thompson, Joel A., Hadon, Michael, and Hoyer, Robert. 1992. “For Whom the Bell Tolls: Term Limits and State Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 17:37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moncrief, Gary, Powell, Lynda W., and Storey, Tim. 2007. “Composition of Legislatures.” In Institutional Change in America Politics: The Case of Term Limits, eds. Kurtz, Karl T., Cain, Bruce, and Niemi, Richard G.. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Moncrief, Gary, Niemi, Richard G., and Powell, Lynda W.. 2004. “Time, Term Limits, and Turnover: Trends in Membership Stability in U.S. State Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 29:357–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooney, Christopher Z. 2007a. “Lobbyists and Interest Groups.” In Institutional Change in America Politics: The Case of Term Limits, eds. Kurtz, Karl T., Cain, Bruce, and Niemi, Richard G.. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Mooney, Christopher Z. 2007b. “State Legislative Term Limits in Illinois? Prospects and Potential Impacts.” Policy Forum 20:2. Urbana, IL: Institute of Government and Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Mooney, Christopher Z. 2008. “Truncated Careers in Professionalized State Legislatures.” In Legislating without Experience: Case Studies in Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Mooney, Christopher Z., Powell, Richard, and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Mooney, Christopher Z., Wood, Jason, and Wright, Gerald 2008. “Out with the Old Heads and in with the Young Turks: The Effects of Term Limits on Semi-Professionalized State Legislatures.” In Legislating without Experience: Case Studies in Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Mooney, Christopher Z., Powell, Richard, and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Nalder, Kimberly. 2007. “The Effect of State Legislative Term Limits on Voter Turnout.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 7:187–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Governors Association. 2008. “National Governors Association 1908–2008.” www.nga.org/ (December 23, 2008).Google Scholar
Niemi, Richard G., and Winsky, Laura R.. 1987. “Membership Turnover in United States State Legislatures: Trends and Effects of Districting.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 12:115–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niemi, Richard G., and Powell, Lynda W.. 2003. “Limited Citizenship? Knowing and Contacting State Legislators after Term Limits.” In The Test of Time: Coping with Legislative Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Rausch, John David Jr., and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Nokken, Timothy P. 2008. “Spatial Analysis of Floor Motions in Regular and Lame Duck Sessions of the House of Representatives, 1879–2006.” Presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Opheim, Cynthia. 1994. “The Effect of U.S. State Legislative Term Limits Revisited.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 19:49–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peery, George, and Little, Thomas H.. 2003. “Views from the Bridge: Legislative Leaders' Perceptions of Institutional Power in the Stormy Wake of Term Limits.” In The Test of Time: Coping with Legislative Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Rausch, John David Jr., and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Petracca, Mark P. 1991. “The Poison of Professional Politics.” Policy Analysis No. 151. Washington, DC: CATO Institute.Google Scholar
Petracca, Mark. 1992a. “Rotation in Office: The History of an Idea.” In Limiting Legislative Terms, eds. Benjamin, Gerald and Malbin, Michael. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Petracca, Mark. 1992b. “Why Political Scientists Oppose Term Limits.” CATO Briefing Paper, No. 14. Washington, DC: CATO Institute.Google Scholar
Pinney, Neil, Serra, George, and Sprick, Dalene. 2004. “The Costs of Reform: Consequences of Limiting Legislative Terms of Service.” Party Politics 10:69–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polsby, Nelson W. 1993. “Some Arguments against Congressional Term Limitations.” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 16:101–7.Google Scholar
Powell, Lynda W., Niemi, Richard G., and Smith, Michael. 2007. “Constituent Attention and Interest Representation.” In Institutional Change in America Politics: The Case of Term Limits, eds. Kurtz, Karl T., Cain, Bruce, and Niemi, Richard G.. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Powell, Richard J. 2000. “The Impact of Term Limits on the Candidacy Decisions of State Legislators.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 25:645–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, Richard J. 2008. “Minority Party Gains under State Legislative Term Limits.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 8:32–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rausch, John David Jr. 1995. “The Elite in the Term Limit Phenomenon.” Ph.D. diss. University of Oklahoma.Google Scholar
Rausch, John David Jr. 2003. “Understanding the Term Limits Movement.” In The Test of Time: Coping with Legislative Term Limits, eds. Farmer, Rick, Rausch, John David Jr., and Green, John C.. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Reed, W. Robert, and Eric Schansberg, D.. 1995. “The House under Term Limits: What Would It Look Like.” Social Studies Quarterly 76:699–716.Google Scholar
Riker, William. 1980. “Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions.” American Political Science Review 74:432–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, Paul R., and Rubin, Donald B.. 1983. “The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects.” Biometrika 70:41–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, Alan. 1998. The Decline of Representative Democracy: Process, Participation, and Power in State Legislatures. Washington, DC: CQ Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, Alan. 2004. Heavy Lifting: The Job of the American Legislature. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Alan. 2007. “Education and Training of Legislators.” In Institutional Change in America Politics: The Case of Term Limits, eds. Kurtz, Karl T., Cain, Bruce, and Niemi, Richard G.. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, Lawrence S., and Sanders, Mitchell S.. 2000. “Lame-Duck Politics: Impending Departure and the Votes on Impeachment.” Political Research Quarterly 52:523–36.Google Scholar
Sadow, Jeffrey D. 2007. “After the Perfect Storm: Displacement and Term Limits in the 2007 Louisiana State Elections.” Presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Sarbaugh-Thompson, Marjorie, Thompson, Lyke, Elder, Charles D., Strate, John, and Elling, Richard C.. 2004. Political and Institutional Effects of Term Limits. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarbaugh-Thompson, Marjorie, Thompson, Lyke, Elder, Charles D., Commins, Meg, Elling, Richard C., and Strate, John. 2006. “Democracy among Strangers: Term Limits' Effects on Relationships between State Legislators in Michigan.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 6:384–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffner, Brian F., Wagner, Michael W., and Winburn, Jonathan. 2004. “Incumbents out, Parties in? Term Limits and Partisan Redistricting in State Legislatures.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 4:396–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2004. “The Incumbency Disadvantage and Women's Election to Legislative Office.” Electoral Studies 24:227–44.Google Scholar
Seawright, Jason, and Gerring, John. 2008. “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options.” Political Research Quarterly 61:294–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seib, Gerald F. 1994. “GOP Swooning for Siren Song of Term Limits,” Wall Street Journal, June 8, A18.Google Scholar
Shadish, William R., Cook, Thomas D., and Campbell, Donald T.. 2002. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Sharkansky, Ira. 1969. “The Utility of Elazar's Political Culture.” Polity 2:66–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, Kwang S., and Jackson, John S.. 1979. “Membership Turnover in United States State Legislatures, 1931–1976.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 4:95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Daniel A., and Fridkin, Dustin. 2008. “Delegating Direct Democracy: Interparty Legislative Competition and the Adoption of the Initiative in the American States.” American Political Science Review 102:333–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwell, Priscilla L. 1995. “Throwing the Rascals out versus Throwing in the Towel: Alienation, Support for Term Limits, and Congressional Voting Behavior.” Social Science Quarterly 76:741–8.Google Scholar
Southwell, Priscilla L., Lindgren, Eric A., and Smith, Ryan A.. 2004. “Lifetime Term Limits: The Impacts on Four State Legislatures.” American Review of Politics 25:305–20.Google Scholar
Squire, Peverill. 1988. “Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 13:65–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, Peverill. 2007. “Measuring State Legislative Professionalism: The Squire Index Revisited.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 7:211–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steen, Jennifer A. 2006. “The Impact of State Legislative Term Limits on the Supply of Congressional Candidates.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 6:430–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, Robert M., Johnson, Martin, and Post, Stephanie S.. 2002. “Public Support for Term Limits: Another Look at Conventional Thinking.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 27:459–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Struble, Robert Jr., and Jahre, Z.W.. 1991. “Rotation in Office: Rapid but Restricted to the House.” PS: Politics Science and Politics 24:34–7.Google Scholar
Tabarrok, Alexander. 1994. “A Survey, Critique, and New Defense of Term Limits.” CATO Journal 14:333–50.Google Scholar
Tothero, Rebecca A. 2003. “The Impact of Term Limits on State Legislators' Ambition for Local Office: The Case of Michigan's House.” Publius 33:111–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton 514 U.S. 779 (1995).Google Scholar
Volden, Craig, and Wiseman, Alan E.. 2007. “Bargaining in Legislatures over Particularistic and Collective Goods.” American Political Science Review 101:79–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahlke, John C., Eulau, Heinz, Buchanan, William, and Ferguson, LeRoy C.. 1962. The Legislative System. New York, NY: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Weissert, Carol S., and Halperin, Karen. 2007. “The Paradox of Term Limit Support: To Know Them Is NOT to Love Them.” Political Research Quarterly 60:516–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Will, George F. 1992. Restoration: Congress, Term Limits, and the Recovery of Deliberative Democracy. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Gerald C. 2007. “Do Term Limits Affect Legislative Roll Call Voting? Representation, Polarization, and Participation.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 7:256–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar