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Mechanisms of Achromatic Vision in Invertebrates and Vertebrates: A Comparative Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Alexander M. Chernorizov  and
Evgenii N. Sokolov
Alexander M. Chernorizov*
Affiliation:
Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)
Evgenii N. Sokolov
Affiliation:
Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Alexander M. Chernorizov. Department of Psychophysiology. Faculty of Psychology. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Mokhovaya St., 11/5. 125009 Moscow. (Russia). E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Intracellular recording in the retina of the snail, Helix pomatia L., reveals the existence of two types of cell responsive to diffuse flashes of achromatic or monochromatic light: B-type cells, which respond with sustained depolarization that is sometimes accompanied by spikes, and D-type cells, which respond with sustained hyperpolarization. The peak of spectral sensitivity for both B- and D-cells falls in the 450-500 nm range and coincides with range of maximal sensitivity for the rhodopsin family of photopigments. Within a proposed two-channel model of snail achromatic vision, responses of the B- and D-cells are represented by a two-dimensional ‘excitation vector’. The length of the ‘excitation vector’ is approximately constant, and its direction correlates with light intensity. The vector model of light encoding in the snail is discussed in relation to models of achromatic vision in vertebrates (fish, frog, monkey, and humans) based on psychophysical, behavioral and neurophysiological data. Intracellular data in the snail taken together with data from vertebrate animals support the hypothesis that a 2-dimensional model of brightness and darkness encoding utilizes a universal mechanism of ‘vector encoding’ for light intensity in neuronal vision networks.

El registro intracelular en la retina del caracol, Heliz pomatia, L., muestra la existencia de dos tipos de células que reaccionan a destellos difusos de luz acromática o monocromática: las células tipo B responden con una depolarización constante con picos de actividad ocasionales; y las células tipo D responden con una hiperpolarización constante. El pico de sensibilidad espectral de las células B y C se centra en un rango de entre 450-500 nm y coincide con los rangos de máxima sensibilidad de las rodopsinas, de la familia de los fotopigmentos. Desde el modelo de dos-canales de visión acromática del caracol, las respuestas a las células B y D están representadas por un vector de excitación de dos-canales. La extensión de este vector de excitación es más o menos constante, y su dirección correlaciona con la intensidad de la luz. El procesamiento de la luz de los caracoles se discute en términos del modelo del vector en relación con modelos de visión acromática en vertebrados (peces, ranas, monos, y humanos) basados en datos psicofisiológicos, conductuales y neurofisiológicos. Tomados en conjunto, los datos intracelulares del caracol y los de animales vertebrados se sostiene la hipótesis de que el modelo de 2-dimensiones para el procesamiento del brillo y la oscuridad se basa en un mecanismo universal de codificación vectorial para la intensidad de la luz en las redes neuronales de visión.

Keywords

achromatic visionretinamolluskbrightness and darkness neuronsvector encodingvisión acromáticaretinamoluscobrillo y oscuridadneuronascodificación vectorial
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , May 2010 , pp. 18 - 29
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

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Footnotes

†Professor Y.N. Sokolov passed away on May 14, 2008.

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