Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T04:54:23.619Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Changes in Body Dissatisfaction Relative to Gender and Age: The Modulating Character of BMI

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Paola Bully*
Affiliation:
Universidad del País Vasco (Spain)
Paula Elosua
Affiliation:
Universidad del País Vasco (Spain)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Paola Bully Garay. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad del País Vasco. Avda. Tolosa, n°70. 20009 San Sebastián. Guipúzcoa. (Spain). E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This study examines the level of body satisfaction in adolescents, and its association with age, sex and body mass index. A non-clinical group was made up of 935 adolescents (484 boys and 451 girls), aged between 10 and 18 years. The body image was assessed by the Body Dissatisfaction scale within the Eating Disorder Inventory (Garner, 1998, 2004) and by the indirect indicator Ideal Body Mass Index. The results showed that the Body Mass Index is an important covariable in the study of body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction mean values increased in the female sample. The males' values did not change throughout adolescence.

Este estudio examina el nivel de satisfacción corporal en adolescentes y su asociación con la edad, el sexo y el índice de masa corporal. La muestra, no clínica, estuvo conformada por 935 adolescentes (484 varones y 451 mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 18 años. La imagen corporal fue medida por medio de la escala Insatisfacción Corporal perteneciente al Inventario de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (Garner, 1998, 2004) y el indicador indirecto Índice de Masa Corporal Ideal. Los resultados mostraron que el Índice de Masa Corporal es una covariable importante en el estudio de la insatisfacción corporal. En la muestra de mujeres, las puntuaciones medias en insatisfacción corporal aumentaron. Las puntuaciones de los varones no cambiaron a lo largo de la adolescencia.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altabe, M., & Thompson, J. K. (1993). Body image changes during early adulthood. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13, 323328. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199304).3:3323::AID-EAT2260130311>3.0.CO;2-#3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Annis, N. M., Cash, T. F., & Hrabosky, J. I. (2004). Body image and psychosocial differences among stable average weight, currently overweight, and formally overweight women: The role of stigmatizing experiences. Body Image, 1, 155167.doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2003.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, M. J., & McDowell, A. J. (2001). An adolescent conception of body image and weight loss behaviors. Journal of Applied Health Behavior, 3(2), 815.Google Scholar
Cash, T. F., Morrow, J. A., Hrabosky, J. I., & Perry, A. A. (2004). How has body image changed? A cross-sectional investigationof college women and men from 1983 to 2001. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 10811089. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1081Google Scholar
Cole, T., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M., & Dietz, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. British Medical Journal, 320, 12401242. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240Google Scholar
Cole, T. J., Flegal, K. M., Nicholls, D., & Jackson, A. A. (2007). Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. British Medical Journal, 335, 166167. doi:10.1136/bmj.39238.399444.55Google Scholar
Conner, M. Martin, E., Silverdale, N., & Grogan, S. (1996). Dieting in adolescence: An application of the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 315325.Google Scholar
Crow, S., Eisenberg, M. E., Story, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2008). Suicidal behavior in adolescents: Relationship to weight status, weight control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 8287. doi:10.1002/eat.20466CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cullari, S., Rohrer, J. M., & Bahn, C. (1998). Body-image perceptions across sex and age groups. Percept Mot Skills, 87, 839–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, K., Markey, C., & Birch, L. (2000). Etiology of body dissatisfaction and weight concerns among 5-year-old girls. Appetite, 35, 143151. doi:10.1006/appe.2000.0349Google Scholar
Davison, T., & McCabe, M. (2006). Adolescent body image and psycholosocial functioning. Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 1530. doi:10.3200/SOCP.146.1.15-30Google Scholar
Deeks, A. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Menopausal stage and age perceptions of body image. Psychology and Health, 16, 367379. doi:10.1080/08870440108405513Google Scholar
De García, M., Marcó, M., & Trujano, P. (2007). Factores asociados a la conducta alimentaria en preadolescentes. [Factors associated with eating behavior in pre-adolescents]. Psicothema, 19(4), 646653.Google Scholar
Demarest, J., & Allen, R. (2000). Body image: Gender, ethnic and age differences. Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 465472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dohnt, H. K., & Tiggemann, M. (2005). Peer influences on body dissatisfaction and dieting awareness in young girls. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23, 103116. doi:10.1348/026151004X20658Google Scholar
Elosua, P., Bully, P., & López, A. Evolución de la insatisfacción corporal durante la última década. [Evolution of body dissatisfaction over the last decade]. Paper submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Elosua, P., López-Jáuregui, A., & Sánchez-Sánchez, F. (2010). Adaptación española del Eating Disorder Inventory-3. Normalización y validación. [Spanish adaptation of the Eating Disorder Inventory-3. Standardization and validation]. Madrid: TEA.Google Scholar
Elosua, P., & López-Jáuregui, A. (2010). Manual de la adaptación al euskera del Eating Disorder Inventory-3. [Euskera adaptation manual of the Eating Disorder Inventory-3]. Madrid: TEA.Google Scholar
Espina, A., Ortego, M. A., Ochoa de Alda, I., Yenes, F., & Alemán, A. (2001). La imagen corporal en los trastornos alimentarios. [Body shape in eating disorders]. Psicothema, 13, 532538.Google Scholar
Field, A. E., Camargo, C. A., Taylor, C. B., Berkey, C. S., Roberts, S. B., & Colditz, G. A. (2001). Parent, peer and media influences on the development of weight concerns and frequent dieting among preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Pediatrics, 107, 5560. doi:10.1542/peds.107.1.54Google Scholar
Folk, L., Pedersen, J., & Cullari, S. (1993).Body satisfaction and self-concept of third- and sixth-grade students. Percept Mot Skills, 76, 547–53.Google Scholar
Galán, I., Gandarillas, A., Febrel, C., & Meseguer, C. M. (2001). Validación del peso y la talla autodeclarados en población adolescente. [Validation of self-reported weight and height in adolescent population]. Gaceta Sanitaria, 15(6), 490497.Google Scholar
Garner, D. M. (1998). Eating Disorder Inventory-2. Madrid: TEA Ediciones, SA.Google Scholar
Garner, D. M. (2004). Eating Disorder Inventory-3. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.Google Scholar
Halvarsson, K., Lunner, K., Westerberg, J., Anteson, F., & Sjödén, P. (2002). A longitudinal study of the development of dieting among 7-17 years old Swedish girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 3242. doi:10.1002/eat.10004Google Scholar
Herrero, M., & Viña, C. M. (2005). Conductas y actitudes hacia la alimentación en una muestra representativa de estudiantes de secundaria. [Behaviors and attitudes toward food in a representative sample of high school students]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5(1), 6783.Google Scholar
Jáuregui, I., Romero, J., Bolaños, P., Montes, C., Díaz, R., Montaña, M. T., … Justo, I. (2009). Conducta alimentaria e imagen corporal en una muestra de adolescentes de Sevilla. [Eating behavior and body image in a sample of Sevillas'adolescents]. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 24(5), 568573.Google Scholar
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005). Dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and psychological distress: A prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 119125. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.119Google Scholar
Leung, F., Wang, J., & Tang, C. W. (2004). Psychometric properties and normative data of the Eating Disorder Inventory among 12 to 18 year old Chinese girls in Hong Kong. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 5966. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00506-3Google Scholar
Linderberg, L., & Zweigbergk, L. (2005). Thin or fat: What is adolescents body shape related to? In Swain, P. (Ed.), Adolescents Eating Disorders (pp.1391). Nueva York, NY: Nova Biomedical Books.Google Scholar
Lowes, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2003). Body dissatisfaction, dieting awareness and the impact of parental influence in young children. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8(2), 135147. doi:10.1348/135910703321649123Google Scholar
Maganto, C., & Cruz, S. (2008). TSA. Test de Siluetas para Adolescentes. [AST. Adolescents Silhouettes Test]. Madrid:TEA.Google Scholar
McAdams, M. A., Van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2007). Comparison of self-reported and measured BMI as correlates of disease markers in US adults. Obesity, 15(1), 188196. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.504Google Scholar
McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2005). A longitudinal study of body image and strategies to lose weight and increase muscles among children. Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 559577. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2005.06.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinley, N. M. (2006). Longitudinal gender differences in objectified body consciousness and weight-related attitudes and behaviors: Cultural and developmental contexts in the transition from college. Sex Roles, 54, 159173. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9335-1Google Scholar
Millstein, R. A., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., Zhang, J., Blanck, H. M., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2008). Relationships between body size satisfaction and weight control practices among US adults. The Medscape Journal of Medicine, 10(5), 119124.Google ScholarPubMed
Ogden, C. L., Kuczmarski, R. J., Flegal, K. M., Mei, Z., Guo, S., Wei, R., … Johnson, C. L. (2002). Centers for disease control and prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: Improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version. Pediatrics, 109, 4560. doi:10.1542/peds.109.1.45Google Scholar
Penkal, J. L., & Kurdek, L. A. (2007). Gender and race differences in young adults' body dissatisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(8), 22702281. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.005Google Scholar
Polce-Lynch, M., Myers, B. J., Kilmartin, C. T., Forssmann-Falck, R., & Kliewer, W. (1998). Gender and age patterns in emotional expression, body image, and self-esteem: a qualitative analysis. Sex Roles, 38, 10251041. doi:10.1023/A:1018830727244Google Scholar
Rand, C. S. W., & Wright, B. A. (2001). Thinner females and heavier males: who says? A comparison of female to male ideal body sizes across a wide age span. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 4550. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(200101)29:1<45::AID-EAT7>3.0.CO;2-IGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-Cano, T., Beato-Fernandez, L., & Llario, A. B. (2006). Body dissatisfaction as a predictor of self-reported suicide attempts in adolescents: A Spanish community prospective study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 684688. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.08.003Google Scholar
Rosenblum, G., & Lewis, M. (1999). The relations among body image, physical attractiveness and body mass in adolescence. Child Development, 70, 5064. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00005Google Scholar
Sands, R., Tricker, J., Sherman, C., Armatas, C., & Maschette, W. (1997). Disordered eating patterns, body image, self-esteem, and physical activity in preadolescent school children. International Journal Eating Disorders, 21, 59166. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199703)21:2<159::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-KGoogle Scholar
Schur, E. A., Sanders, M., & Steiner, H. (2000). Body dissatisfaction and dieting in young children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 7482. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001).7:1&lt;74::AID-EAT8&gt;3.0.CO;2-KGoogle Scholar
Striegel-Moore, R. (1993). Binge eating: nature, assessment and treatment. In Fairburn, C. G. y Wilson, G. T. (Editores). Etiology of binge eating: a developmental perspective (pp. 144172). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Thurfjell, B., Edlund, B., Arinell, H., Hagglof, B., Garner, D. M., & Engstrom, I. (2004). Eating Disorder Inventory for Children (EDI-C): Effects of age and gender in a Swedish sample. European Eating Disorders Review, 12, 256264. doi:10.1002/erv.583CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toro, J. (2004). Riesgo y causas de la anorexia nerviosa. [Risk and causes of anorexia nervosa]. Barcelona: Ariel Psicología.Google Scholar
Webster, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2003). The relationship between women's body satisfaction and self-image across the life span: The role of cognitive control. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 164, 241251. doi:10.1080/00221320309597980Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (1995). Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. WHO Technical Report Series, 854. Geneva: Author. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08890.xGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. WHO Technical Report Series, 894. Geneva: Author.Google Scholar
Wood, K. C., Becker, J. A., & Thompson, J. K. (1996). Body image dissatisfaction in preadolescent children. Journal Applied of Developmental Psychology, 17, 85100.doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(96)90007-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar