Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T08:44:57.676Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Psychometric Properties of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS–7) in Spanish Adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2013

Piedad Sáenz-Alvarez ,
Álvaro Sicilia ,
David González-Cutre  and
Roberto Ferriz
Piedad Sáenz-Alvarez
Affiliation:
Universidad de Almería (Spain)
Álvaro Sicilia*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Almería (Spain)
David González-Cutre
Affiliation:
Universidad Miguel Hernández (Spain)
Roberto Ferriz
Affiliation:
Universidad de Almería (Spain)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Álvaro Sicilia Camacho. Universidad de Almería. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Enfermería y Fisioterapia. Carretera de Sacramento s/n. 04120. La Cañada de San Urbano. Almería (Spain). Phone: +34–9500155394. Fax: +34–950015731. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of Motl and Conroy’s model of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS–7). To achieve this goal, a sample of 398 secondary school students was used, and the psychometric properties of the SPAS–7 were examined through different analyses. The results supported the seven-item model, although the item 5 did not show any significant correlation with two items from this model and had a lower factor loading than the rest of items. The structure of the model was invariant across gender and Body Mass Index (BMI). Alpha value over .70 and suitable levels of temporal stability were obtained. Girls and students classified according to the BMI as overweight and obese had higher scores in social physique anxiety than boys and the group classified as underweight and normal range. The findings of this study provided reliability and validity for the SPAS–7 in a Spanish adolescent sample.

Keywords

social physique anxietyvalidationbody imageadolescence.
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 16 , 2013 , E86
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bentler, P. M. (1989). EQS structural equations program manual. Los Angeles, CA: BMDP Statistical Software.Google Scholar
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Brunet, J., & Sabiston, C. M. (2009). Social physique anxiety and physical activity: A self-determination theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 329–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.11.002 Google Scholar
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and means structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456–466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.105.3.456 Google Scholar
Caglar, E., Bilgili, N., Karaca, A., Ayaz, S., & Asci, F. H. (2010). The psychological characteristics and health related behavior of adolescents: The possible roles of social physique anxiety and gender. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 741–750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002407 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, H-W., Bushman, B. A., & Woodard, R. J. (2008). Social physique anxiety, obligation to exercise, and exercise choices among college students. Journal of American College Health, 57, 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.7-14 Google Scholar
Cole, T. J., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M., & Dietz, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. British Medical Journal, 320, 1–6.http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240 Google Scholar
Crawford, S., & Eklund, R. C. (1994). Social physique anxiety, reasons for exercise, and attitudes toward exercise settings. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 70–82.Google Scholar
Eklund, R. C. (1998). With regard to the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (conceptually speaking). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 225–227.Google Scholar
Eklund, R. C., Kelley, B., & Wilson, P. (1997). The Social Physique Anxiety Scale: Men, women, and the effects of modifying item 2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 188–196.Google Scholar
Eklund, R. C., Mack, D., & Hart, E. (1996). Factorial validity of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale for females. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 281–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gammage, K. L., Martin, K. A., & Hall, C. R. (2004). Self-presentational efficacy: Its influence on social anxiety in an exercise context. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 179–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gargari, B. P., Khadem-Haghighian, M., Taklifi, E., Hamed-Behzad, M., & Shahraki, M. (2010). Eating attitudes, self-esteem and social physique anxiety among Iranian females who participate in fitness programs. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 50, 79–84.Google Scholar
Gay, J., Monsma, E. V., & Torres-McGehee, T. (2009). Give or take a few? Comparing measured and self-reported height and weight as correlates of social physique anxiety. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80, 656–662. http://dx.doi.org/10.5641/027013609X13088500160046 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haase, A. M., & Prapavessis, H. (1998). Social physique anxiety and eating attitudes: Moderating effects of body mass and gender. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 3, 201–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548509808402236 Google Scholar
Hagger, M. S., Asçi, F. H., Lindwall, M., Hein, V., Mülazimoglu-Balli, Ö., Tarrant, M., … Sell, V. (2007). Cross-cultural validity and measurement invariance of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale in five European nations. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sport, 17, 703–719.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00615.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagger, M. S., Stevenson, A., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Pereira Gaspar, P. M., Leitão Ferreira, J. P., & González Ravé, J. M. (2010). Physical self-concept and social physique anxiety: Invariance across culture, gender and age. Stress and Health, 26, 304–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.1299 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambleton, R. K. (1996). Adapting tests for use in multiple languages and cultures. In Muñiz, J. (Ed.), Psicometría (pp. 207–238). Madrid, Spain: Editorial Universitas.Google Scholar
Hart, E. A., Leary, M. R., & Rejeski, W. J. (1989). The measurement of social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 94–104.Google Scholar
Hausenblas, H. A., Brewer, B. W., & Van Raalte, J. L. (2004). Self-presentation and exercise. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200490260026 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausenblas, H. A., & Mack, D. E. (1999). Social physique anxiety and eating disorder correlates among female athletic and non-athletic populations. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 502–513.Google Scholar
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 Google Scholar
Isogai, H., Brewer, B. W., Cornelius, A. E., Komiya, S., Tokunaga, M., & Tokushima, S. (2001). Cross-cultural validation of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32, 76–87.Google Scholar
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, CA: Scientific Software.Google Scholar
Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., Crocker, P. R. E., Niefer, C. B., & Fleming, T. (2006). Coping with social physique anxiety. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 275.e9–275.e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.015 Google Scholar
Kowalski, N. P., Crocker, P. R. E., & Kowalski, K. C. (2001). Physical self and physical anxiety relationships in college women: Does social physique anxiety moderate effects? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2001.10608932 Google Scholar
Leary, M. R. (1992). Self-presentational processes in exercise and sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 339–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., & Kowalsky, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.107.1.34 Google Scholar
Lindwall, M. (2004). Factorial validity and invariance testing of the Swedish Social Physique Anxiety Scale: Arguments for gender-specific scales. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 492–499.Google Scholar
Lodewyk, K. R., Gammage, K. L., & Sullivan, P. J. (2009). Relations among body size discrepancy, gender and indices of motivation and achievement in high school physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 28, 362–377.Google Scholar
Lynn, M. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35, 382–385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198611000-00017 Google Scholar
Martin, J. J. (1999). Predictors of social physique anxiety in adolescent swimmers with physical disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 16, 75–85.Google Scholar
Martin, K. A., Rejeski, W. J., Leary, M. R., McAuley, E., & Bane, S. (1997). Is the Social Physique Anxiety Scale really multidimensional? Conceptual and statistical arguments for a unidimensional model. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 359–367.Google Scholar
Marsh, H. W. (1993). The multidimensional structure of physical fitness: Invariance over gender and age. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 256–273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1993.10608810 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAuley, E., & Burman, G. (1993). The Social Physique Anxiety Scale: Construct validity in adolescent females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 1049–1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199309000-00013 Google Scholar
Mendelson, B. K., & White, D. R. (1985). Development of self-body-esteem in overweight youngsters. Developmental Psychology, 21, 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.21.1.90 Google Scholar
Motl, R. W., & Conroy, D. E. (2000). Validity and factorial invariance of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 5, 1007–1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motl, R. W., & Conroy, D. E. (2001). The Social Physique Anxiety Scale: Cross validation, factorial invariance, and latent mean structure. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 5, 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327841MPEE0502_2 Google Scholar
Mülazimoğlu-Balli, O., Koca, C., & Aşçi, F. H. (2010). An examination of social physique anxiety with regard to sex and level of sport involvement. Journal of Human Kinetics, 26, 115–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0055-9 Google Scholar
Murray, S. (2008). Pathologizing “Fatness”: Medical authority and popular culture. Sociology of Sport Journal, 25, 7–21.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Petrie, T. A., Diehl, N., Togers, R. L., & Johnson, C. L. (1996). The Social Physique Anxiety Scale: Reliability and construct validity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 420–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., Crocker, P. R. E, Kowalski, K. C., & Mack, D. E. (2007). Social physique anxiety in adolescence. An exploration of influences, coping strategies, and health behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22, 78–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558406294628 Google Scholar
Scott, L. A., Burke, K. L., & Joyner, A. B. (2004). Examining the stability of the 7–item Social Physique Anxiety Scale using a test-retest method. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 8, 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee0802_1 Google Scholar
Smith, A. L. (2004). Measurement of social physique anxiety in early adolescence. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, 475–483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000117111.76228.BF Google Scholar
Spink, K. S. (1992). Relation of anxiety about social physique to location of participation in physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 1075–1078.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Milsom, V. A., DeBraganza, N., Lewin, A. B., Geffken, G. R., & Silverstein, J. H. (2007). Peer victimization, psychosocial adjustment and physical activity in overweight and at-risk-for overweight youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 80–89.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsj113 Google Scholar
Thompson, A. M., & Chad, K. E. (2000). The relationship of pubertal status of body image, social physique anxiety, preoccupation with weight and nutritional status in young females. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 91, 207–211.Google Scholar
Thompson, A. M., & Chad, K. E. (2002). The relationship of social physique anxiety to risk for developing an eating disorder in young females. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 183–189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00397-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed