Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T19:07:01.121Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Portuguese Validation of the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2015

Alejandro Vásquez Echeverría*
Affiliation:
Universidade do Porto (Portugal)
Cristina Esteves
Affiliation:
Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal)
Catarina Vilares Gomes
Affiliation:
Private Practice (Portugal)
Victor E. C. Ortuño
Affiliation:
Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal)
*
*Alejandro Vásquez Echeverría is now at the Universidad de la República. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Alejandro Vásquez Echeverría. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República. Tristán Narvaja 1674, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC-S) is a measure of the extent to which individuals reflect and are influenced by the immediate as well as by the distant outcomes of current behavior. It´s composed by 12 items, grouped into two subscales (future and immediate). This study aims to explore the factor structure, psychometric properties and construct validity of the Portuguese version of the CFC-S in 5 samples, composed by 527 participants with ages between 13 and 71. A 2 factor structure has been found through Confirmatory Factor Analysis among several tested models. Item 5 has been eliminated in order to achieve better fit indices (χ2 df = 3.88, CFI = .90, GFI = .95, RMSEA = .07) and improve internal consistency. Both CFC subscales presented strong correlations with several psychological phenomena (Sensation Seeking, Self-Esteem, Temporal Extension and Time Perspective) and main effects among groups of age and criminal record (for CFC-I, p < .001, for CFC-F, p < .001). These results allow us to support CFC as an efficient psychological evaluation instrument and as an important metric for individual differences in the study of temporal orientation.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnett, J. (1994). Sensation seeking: A new conceptualization and a new scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 289296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90165-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, J., & Zimbardo, P. (2005). Time perspective, health and risk taking. In Strathman, A. & Joireman, J. (Eds.), Understanding behavior in the context of time (pp. 85107). Mahwah, NJ: LEA.Google Scholar
Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54, 106148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00391.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (2000). (Im)maturity of judgment in adolescence: Why adolescents may be less culpable than adults. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18, 741760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.416 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//1040-3590.7.3.309 Google Scholar
De Volder, M. L., & Lens, W. (1982). Academic achievement and future time perspective as a cognitive-motivational concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 566571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.42.3.566 Google Scholar
Dorr, N., Krueckeberg, S., Strathman, A., & Wood, M. D. (1999). Psychosocial correlates of voluntary HIV antibody testing in college students. AIDS Education and Prevention, 11, 1427.Google Scholar
Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1, 130.Google Scholar
Janeiro, I. N. (2012). O inventário de perspectiva temporal: Estudo de validação [The inventory of temporal perspective: Validation study]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico e Avaliação Psicológica, 34, 117133.Google Scholar
Joireman, J. (2005). Environmental problems as social dilemmas: The temporal dimension. In Strathman, A. & Joireman, J. (Eds.), Understanding behavior in the context of time: Theory, research, and application. (pp. 289304). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Joireman, J., Anderson, J., & Strathman, A. (2003). The aggression paradox: Understanding links among aggression, sensation seeking, and the consideration of future consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 12871302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1287 Google Scholar
Joireman, J., Balliet, D., Sprott, D., Spangenberg, E., & Schultz, J. (2008). Consideration of future consequences, ego-depletion, and self-control: Support for distinguishing between CFC-Immediate and CFC-Future sub-scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.011 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joireman, J., Daniels, D., George-Falvy, J., & Kamdar, D. (2006). Organizational citizenship behaviors as a function of empathy, consideration of future consequences, and employee time horizon: An initial exploration using an in-basket simulation of OCBs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 22662292.Google Scholar
Joireman, J., Kamdar, D., Daniels, D., & Duell, B. (2006). Good citizens to the end? It depends: Empathy and concern with future consequences moderate the impact of a short-term time horizon on OCBs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 13071320.Google Scholar
Joireman, J., Lasane, T. P., Bennett, J., Richards, D., & Solaimani, S. (2001). Integrating social value orientation and the consideration of future consequences within the extended norm activation model of proenvironmental behavior. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 133155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466601164731 Google Scholar
Joireman, J., Shaffer, M., Balliet, D., & Strathman, A. (2012). Promotion orientation explains why future oriented people exercise and eat healthy: Evidence from the two-factor consideration of future consequences 14 scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 12721287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212449362 Google Scholar
Joireman, J., Strathman, A., & Balliet, D. (2006). Considering future consequences: An integrative model. In Sanna, L. & Chang, E. (Eds.), Judgments over time: The interplay of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (pp. 8299). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joireman, J., van Lange, P. A. M., & van Vugt, M. (2004). Who cares about the environmental impact of cars? Those with an eye toward the future. Environment and Behavior, 36, 187206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916503251476 Google Scholar
Khachatryan, H., Joireman, J., & Casavant, K. (2013). Relating values and consideration of future and immediate consequences to consumer preference for biofuels: A three-dimensional social dilemma analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 97108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasane, T., & O´Donnell, D. (2005). Time orientation measurement: A conceptual approach. In Strathman, A. & Joireman, J. (Eds.), Understanding behavior in the context of time (pp. 1130). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lennings, C. J., & Burns, A. M. (1998). Time perspective: Temporal extension, time estimation, and impulsivity. The Journal of Psychology, 132, 367380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599271 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, J. J., & Strathman, A. (1997). Predictors of recycling behavior: An application of a modified health belief model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 17991823.Google Scholar
Luyckx, K., Lens, W., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008). Time perspective and identity formation: Short-term longitudinal dynamics in college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 238247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025409350957 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise de equações estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, Software & Aplicações [Structural equation analysis: Theoretical foundations, software and applications] . Pêro Pinheiro, Portugal: Report Number.Google Scholar
Nuttin, J., & Lens, W. (1985). Future time perspective and motivation. Theory and research method. New Jersey, NJ: Leuven University Press & Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Oettingen, G., & Thorpe, J. (2006). Fantasy realization and the bridging of time. In Sanna, L. & Chang, E. (Eds.), Judgments over time. The interplay of thoughts, feelings and behaviors (pp. 120142). New York, NY: Oxford.Google Scholar
Ortuño, V. E., & Gamboa, V. M. (2009). Estrutura factorial do Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory – ZTPI numa amostra de estudantes universitários portugueses [Factor Structure of the Zimbardo Time Perspective – ZTPI in a sample of Portuguese college students]. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 27, 2132.Google Scholar
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. (2011, July). Preliminary Results of the Temporal Extension Inventory - TEI. Poster presented at the 12th European Congress of Psychology. Istanbul: Turkey.Google Scholar
Ortuño, V. E., Paixão, M. P. & Janeiro, I. N. (2014). A structural and construct analysis of the Portuguese Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking - AISS. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Ortuño, V., Paixão, M. P., & Janeiro, I. (2013). O tempo subjectivo como instrumento instrumento (des)adaptativo no processo desenvolvimental [The subjective time as a (un)adaptive instrument in the developmental process]. Análise Psicológica, 2, 159169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortuño, V. E., & Vásquez, A. E. (2013). Time perspective and self-esteem: Negative temporality affects the way we judge ourselves. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica, VI, 109125.Google Scholar
Ouellette, J. A., Hessling, R., Gibbons, F. X., Reis-Bergan, M., & Gerrard, M. (2005). Using images to increase exercise behavior: Prototypes versus possible selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 610620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271589 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrocelli, J. V. (2003). Factor validation of the consideration of future consequences scale. Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 404413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quadrel, M. J., Fischoff, B., & Davis, W. (1993). Adolescent (in)vulnerability. American Psychologist, 48, 102116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.48.2.102 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robbins, R. N., & Brian, A. (2004). Relationships between future orientation, impulsive sensation seeking, and risk behavior among adjudicated adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 428445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558403258860 Google Scholar
Santos, P. J., & Maia, J. (2003). Análise factorial confirmatória e validação preliminar de uma versão portuguesa da escala de auto-estima de Rosenberg [Confirmatory factor analysis and preliminary validation of a Portuguese version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale]. Psicologia: Teoria, Investigação e Prática, 2, 253268.Google Scholar
Smith, G., & Anderson, K. (2001). Personality and learning factors combine to create risk for adolescent problem drinking. A model and suggestions for intervention. In Monti, P., Colby, S., & O'Leary, T. (Eds.), Adolescents, alcohol, and substance abuse: reaching teens through brief interventions (pp. 109114). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D. S., & Edwards, C. S. (1994). The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 742752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.66.4.742 Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. (2007). The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30, 299351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X07001975 Google Scholar
van Widenfelt, B. M., Treffers, P. D. A., de Beurs, E., Siebelink, B. M., & Koudijs, E. (2005). Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of assessment instruments used in psychological research with children and families. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 135147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10567-005-4752-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vásquez Echeverría, A. (2011). Experiencia subjetiva del tiempo y su influencia en el comportamiento: Revisión y modelos [Subjective experience of time and its influence in behavior: Revision and models]. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 27, 215223.Google Scholar
Vásquez Echeverría, A., Martin, A., Ortuño, V. E., Esteves, C., & Joireman, J. (2014). Adaptación al español de la Escala de Consideración de las Consecuencias Futuras [Adaptation to Spanish of the Consideration of the Future Consequences Scale]. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 12711288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.77.6.1271 CrossRefGoogle Scholar