Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T10:59:23.106Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Experiencing Effects of Cocaine and Speed with Self-Regulation Therapy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Salvador Amigó  and
Claudia Ferrández
Salvador Amigó*
Affiliation:
Universitat de Valencia (Spain)
Claudia Ferrández
Affiliation:
Universitat de Valencia (Spain)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Salvador Amigó, Departament de Personalitat, Avaluació i Tractaments Psicològics. Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21. 46010. Valencia (Spain). E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study demonstrates the efficacy of Self-Regulation Therapy (SRT) to induce effects of cocaine and speed in a single session. SRT is a suggestion procedure of sensorial recall exercises (salivation, feeling of weight, tension, etc.) that increases the capacity to reproduce all sensation types and those that drugs produce. The Self-Regulation Scale (SRS) measures this capacity. Four groups participated, formed according to drug use: Group 1 (uses no illegal drugs); Group 2 (experimentally uses cannabis only); Group 3 (moderate drug users); Group 4 (regular drug users, especially stimulants). All four groups participated in an SRT session to induce relaxation. No differences in the SRS were found. Group 4 also participated in a session that reproduced effects of drugs with SRT, when Euphoria and the Effects of drugs score (high and rush) substantially increased in relation to the base-line (MD = –5.83; p < .001; and MD = -3; p < .001, respectively) and in relation to the relaxation session (MD = –4.06; p < .001; and MD = -1.96; p < .05, respectively). A profile predicting SRT efficacy was also obtained to induce the effects of cocaine and speed: low Conscientiousness and high Openness and SRS scores. Finally, the potential use of this procedure to treat addictions, and strategy development towards more controlled, responsible drug use, are discussed.

Keywords

self-regulation therapycocainedrug effects reproductionpersonality
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 18 , 2015 , E49
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amigó, S, (1992a). Manual de terapia de autorregulación [Self-regulation therapy handbook] . Valencia, Spain: Promolibro.Google Scholar
Amigó, S. (1992b). Terapia de Autorregulación y reproducción voluntaria de los efectos de la cafeína: Estudio experimental de caso único [Self-Regulation Therapy and voluntary reproduction of the caffeine effects: A single-case experimental design]. Informació Psicologica, 49, 46–50.Google Scholar
Amigó, S. (1993). Reproducción voluntaria de los efectos de la cocaína y del éxtasis por medio de la terapia de auto-regulación [Voluntary reproduction of the cocaine and ecstasy effects by Self-Regulation Therapy]. Informació Psicologica, 53, 17–26.Google Scholar
Amigó, S. (1994). Self-regulation therapy and the voluntary reproduction of stimulant effects of ephedrine: Possible therapeutic applications. Contemporary Hypnosis, 11, 108–120.Google Scholar
Amigó, S. (Ed.) (1995). II Jornadas sobre Drogodependencias [II Conference on drug addiction] . Valencia, Spain: UPV.Google Scholar
Amigó, S. (1997). Uso potencial de metilfenidato y la sugestión en el tratamiento psicológico y en el aumento de las potencialidades humanas: Un estudio de caso [Potential use of methylphenidate and suggestion in the psychological treatment and in the increase of human potentialities: A case study]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 23, 863–890.Google Scholar
Amigó, S. (1998). Self-Regulation Therapy: Suggestion without hypnosis. In Kirsch, I., Capafons, A., Cardeña, E. & Amigó, S. (Eds.), Clinical hypnosis and Self-Regulation Therapy: A cognitive-behavioral perspective (pp. 311–330). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Amigó, S. (2005). La teoría del rasgo único de personalidad: Hacia una teoría unificada del cerebro y la conducta [The theory of the unique personality trait: Towards a unified theory of brain and behavior] . Valencia, Spain: UPV.Google Scholar
Amigó, S. (2012). Cómo las drogas pueden mejorar nuestras vidas [How drugs can improve our lives] . Madrid, Spain: Amargord Ediciones.Google Scholar
Amigó, S. (2014). Manual of controlled drug use. Madrid, Spain: Liber Factory.Google Scholar
Amigó, S., Caselles, A., Micó, J. C., & García, J. M. (2009). Dynamics of the unique trait of personality: Blood’s glutamate in response to methylphenidate and conditioning. Revista Internacional de Sistemas, 16, 35–40.Google Scholar
Amigó, S., Caselles, A., & Micó, J. C. (2013). Self-regulation therapy to reproduce drug effects: A suggestion technique to change personality and DRD3 gene expression. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 61, 282–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2013.784094 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amigó, S., & Infanzón, M. E. (1999). Heroína sin heroína: La sugestión como sustituto de las drogas [Heroin without heroin: Suggestion as a substitute for drugs]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 25, 751–781.Google Scholar
Amigó, S., Zabiky, G., & García, J. (2007). Colocarse sin droga. Un nuevo enfoque desde la reducción del daño para dependientes a la cocaína [To get “high” without drugs. A new approach from the harm reduction perspective for cocaine-dependent]. Informació Psicològica, 89, 75–87.Google Scholar
Barr, G. A., Sharpless, N. S., Cooper, S., Schiff, S. R., Paredes, W., & Bridger, W. H. (1983). Classical conditioning decay and extinction of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and stereotype. Life Science, 33, 1341–1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(83)90817-2 Google Scholar
Bauman, F. (1970). Hypnosis and the adolescent drug abuser. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 13, 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1970.10402074 Google Scholar
Capafons, A. (1998). Applications of emotional self-regulation therapy. In Kirsch, I., Capafons, A., Cardeña, E., & Amigó, S. (Eds.), Clinical hypnosis and Self-Regulation Therapy: Acognitive-behavioral perspective (pp. 331–349). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Capafons, A., & Amigó, S. (1993). Hipnosis, terapia de auto-regulación e intervención comportamental [Hypnosis, self-regulation therapy and psychological intervention] . Valencia, Spain: Promolibro.Google Scholar
Capafons, A., & Amigó, S. (1995): Emotional Self-regulation Therapy for smoking reduction: Description and initial empirical data. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 43, 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207149508409372 Google Scholar
Cardeña, E., & Spiegel, D. (1993). Dissociative reactions to the Bay Area earthquake. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 474–478.Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Escrig, M. C. (2014). Estudio cualitativo de los efectos de la reproducción de cocaína y anfetamina con Terapia de Auto-Regulación [Qualitative study of cocaine and amphetamine effects using Self-Regulation Therapy]. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). University of Valencia, Valencia (Spain).Google Scholar
Fischman, M. W. (1984). The behavioral pharmacology of cocaine in humans. In Grabowski, J. (Ed.), Cocaine: Pharmacology, effects, and treatment of abuse (NIDA Research Monograph 50, pp. 72–91). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Fischman, M. W., Schuster, C. R., Resnekov, L., Shick, J. F. E., Krasnegor, N. A., Fennell, W., & Freedman, D. X. (1976). Cardiovascular and subjective effects of intravenous cocaine administration in humans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 983–989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770080101010 Google Scholar
Fogel, S., & Hoffer, A. (1962). The use of the hypnosis to interrupt and to reproduce and LSD-25 experience. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology and Quarterly Review of Psychiatry and Neurology, 23, 11–16.Google Scholar
García, T., Jiménez, R., Santos-Rosa, F. J., Reina, R., & Cervelló, E. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Flow State Scale. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11, 660–669.Google Scholar
Granone, F. (1973). Tratado de Hipnosis. Sofrología [Treatise of Hypnosis. Sophrology] . Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Científico-Médica.Google Scholar
Harary, K., & Donahue, E. (1994). Who do you think you are? San Francisco, CA: Harper.Google Scholar
Hastings, A. (2006). An extended nondrug MDMA-like experience evoked through posthypnotic suggestion. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38, 273–283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2006.10399853 Google Scholar
Higgins, S. T., Bickel, W. K., Hughes, J. R., Lynn, M., Capeless, M. A., & Fenwick, J. W. (1990). Effects of intranasal cocaine on human learning, performance and physiology. Psychopharmacology, 102, 451–458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247124 Google Scholar
Kjellberg, A., & Bohlin, G. (1974). Self-reported arousal: Further development of a multifactorial inventory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 15, 285–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00590.x Google Scholar
Lyery, S. B., Ross, S., Krugman, A. D., & Lyde, D. J. (1964). The effects of instructions upon performance and mood under amphetamine sulphate and chloral hydrate. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 321–327.Google Scholar
Lynch, J. J., Stein, E. A., & Fertziger, A. P. (1976). An analysis of 70 years of morphine classical conditioning: Implications of clinical treatment of narcotic addiction. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163, 47–58.Google Scholar
Marlatt, G. A., & Rohsenow, D. J. (1980). Cognitive processes in alcohol use: Expectancy and fue balanced placebo design. In Mello, N. K. (Eds.). Advances in substance abuse, vol. l. (pp. 159–199). New York, NY: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Martínez, R. (2013). Evaluación de la Escala de Auto-Regulación, Sugestión y Personalidad [Assessment Self-Regulation Scale, suggestion and personality] . (Unpublished Master’s thesis). University of Valencia, Valencia (Spain).Google Scholar
Micó, J. C., Amigó, S., & Caselles, A. (2012). Changing the general factor of personality and the c-fos gene expression with a single dose of methylphenidate and self-regulation therapy: A single case experimental design. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 850–867. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38896 Google Scholar
Moffitt, K. H. (1999). Hypnosis and self-regulation training: An experimental comparison. Doctoral Dissertation. Paper AAI9942588. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/AAI9942588 Google Scholar
Muntaner, C., Cascella, N. G., Kumor, K. M., Nagoshi, C., Herning, R., & Jaffe, J. (1989). Placebo responses to cocaine administration in humans: Effects of prior administrations and verbal instructions. Psychopharmacology, 99, 282–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442823 Google Scholar
O’Brien, C. P., Childress, A. R., McLellan, A. T., & Ehrman, R. (1992). Classical conditioning in drug-dependent humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 400–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25984.x Google Scholar
O’Brien, C. P., Ehrman, R., & Ternes, J. (1986). Classical conditioning in human opioid dependence. In Goldberg, S. R. & Stolerman, I. P. (Eds.), Behavioral analysis of drug dependence. (pp. 329–356). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Post, R. M., Lockfeld, A., Squillage, K. M., & Contel, N. R. (1981). Drug-environment interaction: Context dependency of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. Life Science, 28, 755–760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(81)90157-0 Google Scholar
Raskin, A., Schulterbrandt, J., Reatig, N., & McKeon, J. J. (1969). Replication of factors of psychopathology in interview, ward behavior and self-report ratings of hospitalized depressives. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 148, 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196901000-00010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spanos, N. P., & Chaves, J. F. (Eds.). (1989). Hypnosis: The cognitive-behavioral perspective. Buffalo, NY: Prometeus.Google Scholar
Stewart, J., De Wit, H., & Eikelboom, R. (1984). Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants. Psychological Review, 91, 251–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.91.2.251 Google Scholar
Williams, D. G. (1990). Effects of psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism in current mood: A statistical review of six studies. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 615–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(90)90045-S CrossRefGoogle Scholar