Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T22:01:46.682Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

About the Dark and Bright Sides of Self-efficacy: Workaholism and Work Engagement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Mario Del Líbano ,
Susana Llorens ,
Marisa Salanova  and
Wilmar B. Schaufeli
Mario Del Líbano*
Affiliation:
Universitat Jaume I (Spain)
Susana Llorens
Affiliation:
Universitat Jaume I (Spain)
Marisa Salanova
Affiliation:
Universitat Jaume I (Spain)
Wilmar B. Schaufeli
Affiliation:
Utrecht University (The Netherlands)
*
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Mario Del Líbano Miralles. Department of Social Psychology. Universitat Jaume I. Avenida Sos Baynat, s/n. 12071 Castellón (Spain). Tel. +34-964729571. Fax. +34-964729262. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Taking the Resources-Experiences-Demands Model (RED Model) by Salanova and colleagues as our starting point, we tested how work self-efficacy relates positively to negative (i.e., work overload and work-family conflict) and positive outcomes (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment), through the mediating role of workaholism (health impairment process) and work engagement (motivational process). In a sample of 386 administrative staff from a Spanish University (65% women), Structural Equation Modeling provided full evidence for the research model. In addition, Multivariate Analyses of Variance showed that self-efficacy was only related positively to one of the two dimensions of workaholism, namely, working excessively. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical contributions in terms of the RED Model.

Tomando como base teórica el Modelo de Recursos-Experiencias-Demandas (Modelo RED) de Salanova y colegas, analizamos cómo la autoeficacia laboral se relaciona positivamente con resultados negativos (i.e., sobrecarga cuantitativa y conflicto trabajo-familia) y con resultados positivos (i.e., satisfacción laboral y compromiso organizacional), a través del rol mediador de la adicción al trabajo (proceso de erosión) y el engagement o vinculación laboral (proceso motivacional). En una muestra de 386 trabajadores PAS (Personal de Administración y Servicios) de una Universidad Española (65% mujeres), utilizando Ecuaciones Estructurales obtuvimos evidencia total para el modelo de investigación propuesto. Además, diversos Análisis Multivariados de Varianza mostraron que la autoeficacia se relacionaba positivamente solo con una de las dos dimensiones de la adicción al trabajo, esto es, trabajar excesivamente. Finalmente, discutimos las contribuciones teóricas y prácticas del estudio basándonos en el Modelo RED.

Keywords

self-efficacyworkaholismwork engagementautoeficaciaadicción al trabajovinculación laboral
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , July 2012 , pp. 688 - 701
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 170–180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands-resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12, 393–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13594320344000165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (2001). Guía para la construcción de escalas de autoeficacia. [Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales]. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University. Retrieved from http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/effguideSpanish.html.Google Scholar
Beehr, T. A., Walsh, J. T., & Taber, T. D. (1976). Relationship of stress to individually and organizationally valued states: Higher order needs as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.61.1.41CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L., & Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationship of workaholism with work–life conflict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 469–477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.4.469CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, B. R., Vodanovich, S. J., & Rotunda, R. (2008). The impact of workaholism on work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and perception of leisure activities. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 11, 241–263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10887150802371781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A. & Long, S. J. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Beverly Hills, C.A: Sage.Google Scholar
Burke, R. J. (1999). Workaholism in organizations. Measurement validation and replication. International Journal of Stress Management, 6, 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021910303807CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, R. J., Matthiesen, S. B., & Pallesen, S. (2006). Personality correlates of workaholism. Personality and Individual differences, 40, 1223–1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Mahway, NJ – London, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Google Scholar
Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Harrison, R. V., & Pinneau, S. R. (1975). Job demands and worker health: Main effects and occupational differences. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.Google Scholar
Conway, J. M. (2002). Method variance and method bias in industrial and organizational psychology. In Rogelberg, S. G. (Ed.), Handbook of Research Methods in Organizational and Industrial Psychology (pp. 344–365). Malden, NJ: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Cropanzano, R., & Wright, T. A. (2001). When a ‘happy’ worker is really a ‘productive’ worker: A review and further refinement of the happy-productive worker thesis. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 53, 182–199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1061-4087.53.3.182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Líbano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Validity of a brief workaholism scale. Psicothema, 22, 143–150.Google ScholarPubMed
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands–resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eden, D. (2001). Vacations and other respites: Studying stress on and off the job. In Cooper, C. L. & Robertson, I. T. (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 16, pp. 121–146). Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ellias, S., & MacDonald, S. (2007). Using past performance, proxy efficacy, and academic self-efficacy to predict college performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 2518–2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00268.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, A. J. (2005). A conceptual history of the achievement goal construct. In Elliot, A. J. & Dweck, C. S. (Eds), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 52–72). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008). On the measurement of achievement goals: Critique, illustration, and application. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 613–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.613CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In Quick, J. C. & Tetrick, L. E. (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143–162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grau, R., Salanova, M., & Peiró, J. M. (2000). Efectos moduladores de la autoeficacia en el estrés laboral [Moderators effects of self-efficacy in job stress]. Apuntes de Psicología, 18, 57–75.Google Scholar
Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Family, work, work-family spillover and problem drinking during midlife. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 62, 336–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00336.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Higgins, T. (2005). Value from regulatory fit. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 209–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.2.2004.1-2.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 632–643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoyle, R. H. (1995). Structural Equation Modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Iverson, R. D., & Maguire, C. (2000). The relationship between job and life satisfaction: Evidence from a remote mining community. Human Relations, 53, 807–839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1986). PRELIS: A program for multivariate data screening and data summarization. Mooresville, IL: Scientific Software.Google Scholar
Judge, T. A., Jackson, C. L., Shaw, J. C., Scott, B. A., & Rich, B. L. (2007). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: The integral role of individual differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 107–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.107CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluation traits- self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability – with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanai, A. (2009). Karoshi (work to death) in Japan. Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 209–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9701-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanai, A., & Wakabayashi, M. (2001). Workaholism among Japanese blue-collar employees. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 129–145. http://dx.doi.org/10.4263/jorthoptic.29.291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanai, A., Wakabayashi, M., & Fling, S. (1996). Workaholism among employees in Japanese corporations: An examination based on the Japanese version of the Workaholism Scales. Japanese Psychological Research, 38, 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.1996.tb00024.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude and mental strain. Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2392498CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killinger, B. (1992). Workaholics, the respectable addicts. East Roseville, Australia: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Kunin, T. (1955). The construction of a new type of attitude measure. Personnel Psychology, 8, 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1955.tb01189.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latham, G. (2005). Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Annual review of Psychology, 56, 485–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Llorens, S., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). Testing the robustness of the “Job Demands-Resources” model. International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 378–391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.3.378CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llorens, S., Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A., & Salanova, M. (2007). Does a positive gain spiral of resources, efficacy beliefs and engagement exist? Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 825–841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwen, K. E., & Barling, J. (1994). Daily consequences of work interference with family and family interference with work. Work and Stress, 13, 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678379408259996Google Scholar
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machlowitz, M. (1980). Workaholics: Living with them, working with them. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & Hau, K. T. (1996). An evaluation of incremental fit indexes: A clarification of mathematical and empirical properties. In Marcoulides, G.A. & Schumacker, R. E. (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling techniques (pp. 315–353). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 111–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Oates, W. E. (1971). Confessions of a Workaholic: The facts about work addiction. New York, NY: World.Google Scholar
Pajares, F., & Miller, M. D. (1995). Mathematics self-efficacy and mathematics performances: The need for specificity of assessments. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 190–198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, S. K. (2000). From passive to proactive motivation: The importance of flexible role orientations and role breadth selfefficacy. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 447–469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, G. (1996). Organizational impact of workaholism. Suggestions for researching the negative outcomes of excessive work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.1.1.70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, G. (2001). Workaholic tendencies and the high potential for stress among co-workers. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 147–164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009581330960CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rector, N. A., Hood, K., Richter, M. A., & Bagby, R. M. (2002). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the five-factor model of personality: Distinction and overlap with major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1205–1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00024-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, B. E., Flowers, C., & Carroll, J. J. (2001). Work stress and marriage: A theoretical model examining the relationships between workaholism and marital cohesion. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 165–175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009533415030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. (2009). El engagement en el trabajo. Cuando el trabajo se convierte en pasión [Work engagement: When job becomes passion]. Madrid, Spain: Alianza.Google Scholar
Salanova, M., Cifre, E., Martínez, I., & Llorens, S. (2007). Caso a caso en la prevención de riesgos psicosociales. Metodología WONT para una organización saludable. [Case to case in the prevention of psychosocial risks. WoNT Methodology for a healthy organization]. Bilbao, Spain: Lettera Publicaciones.Google Scholar
Salanova, M., Cifre, E., Martínez, I. M., Llorens, S., & Lorente, L. (2011). Psychosocial risks and positive factors among construction workers. In Clarke, S., Cooper, C., & Burke, R. (Eds.), Occupational health and safety: Psychological and behavioral challenges (pp. 295–320). Farnham, England: Gower.Google Scholar
Salanova, M., Grau, R., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). Exposición a las tecnologías de la información, burnout y engagement: El rol modulador de la autoeficacia [Exposure to information technologies, burnout and engagement: The moderator role of self-efficacy]. Revista de Psicología Social Aplicada, 11, 69–90.Google Scholar
Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Yes, I can, I feel cood and I just do it! On gain cycles and spirals of efficacy beliefs, affect, and engagement. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60, 255–285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2010.00435.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salanova, M., Llorens, S., Cifre, E., Martínez, I., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Perceived collective efficacy, subjective well-being and task performance among electronic work groups: An experimental study. Small Groups Research, 34, 43–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496402239577CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salanova, M., Lorente, L., & Martínez, I. (in press). The dark and bright sides of self-efficacy in predicting learning, innovative and risky performance. The Spanish Journal of Psychology.Google Scholar
Salanova, M., Lorente, L., & Vera, M. (2009). Recursos personales: Las creencias de eficacia [Personal resources: Efficacy beliefs]. In Salanova, M. (Ed.), Psicología de la salud ocupacional positiva [Positive and Occupational Health Psychology] (pp. 149–176). Madrid, Spain: Síntesis.Google Scholar
Salanova, M., Lorente, L., Chambel, M. J., & Martínez, I. (2011). Linking transformational leadership to nurses extra-role performance: The mediating role of self-efficacy and work engagement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, 2256–2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05652.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salanova, M., Peiró, J. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2002). Self-efficacy specificity and burnout among information technology workers: An extension of the job demands-control model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000735CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W. B., Llorens, S., Peiró, J. M., & Grau, R. (2000). Desde el ‘burnout’ al ‘engagement’: ¿Una nueva perspectiva? [From burnout to engagement:Anew perspective?] Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y las Organizaciones, 16, 117–134.Google Scholar
Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W. B., Xanthopoulou, D., & Bakker, A. (2010). The gain spiral of resources and work engagement: Sustaining a positive worklife. In Bakker, A., & Leiter, M. (Eds.), Work engagement: A Handbook of Essential theory and research (pp. 118–131). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.248CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with short questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2007a). Efficacy or inefficacy, that's the question: Burnout and engagement, and their relationships with efficacy beliefs. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 20, 177–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800701217878CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2007b). Work engagement: An emerging psychological concept and its implications for organizations. In. Gilliland, S.W., Steiner, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (Eds.), Managing social and ethical issues in organizations (pp. 135–177). Greenwich, CT: IAP.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá., V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2006). Over de rol van positieve en negatieve emoties bij het welbevinden van managers: Een studie met de Job-related Affective Well-being Scale (JAWS). [About the role of positive and negative emotions in managers' well-being: A study using the Job-related Affective Well-being Scale (JAWS)]. Gedrag & Organisatie, 19, 323–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., & Taris, T. W. (2009). Being driven to work excessively hard: The evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in the Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research, 43, 320–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397109337239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. (2006). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: On the differences between work engagement and workaholism. In Burke, R. (Ed), Research companion to working time and work addiction (pp. 193–217). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout and engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 173–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T., & Bakker, A. B. (2008). It takes two to tango. Workaholism is working excessively and working compulsively. In Burke, R. J. & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.), The long work hours culture. Causes, consequences and choices (pp. 203–226). Bingley. England: Emerald.Google Scholar
Scholer, A. A., & Higgins, E. T. (2008). Distinguishing levels of approach and avoidance: An analysis using regulatory focus theory. In Elliot, A. J. (Ed.), Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation (pp. 489–504). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, H. S. (1982). Job involvement as obsession-compulsion. Academy of Management Review, 7, 429–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/257335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seybold, K. C., & Salomone, P. R. (1994). Understanding workaholism: A review of causes and counseling approaches. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb01702.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siu, O., Spector, P., Cooper, C., & Lu, Ch. (2005). Work stress, self-efficacy, Chinese work values, and work well-being in Hong Kong and Beijing. International Journal of Stress Management, 3, 274–288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.3.274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snir, R., & Harpaz, I. (2004). Attitudinal and demographic antecedents of workaholism. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17, 520–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810410554524CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonnentag, S., & Kruel, U. (2006). Psychological detachment from work during off-job time: The role of job stressors, job involvement, and recovery-related self-efficacy. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15, 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13594320500513939CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, J. T., & Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: Definition, measurement, and preliminary results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 160–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5801_15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stajkovic, A. D., Lee, D., & Nyberg, A. J. (2009). Collective efficacy, group potency, and group performance: Meta-analyses of their relationships, and test of mediation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 814–828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015659CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vancouver, J. B., & Kendall, L. N. (2006). When self-efficacy negatively relates to motivation and performance in a learning context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1146–1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1146CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., Tischner, E. C., & Putka, D. J. (2002). Two studies examining the negative effects of selfefficacy on performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 506–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.506CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vancouyer, J. B., Thompson, C. M., & Williams, A. A. (2001). The changing signs in the relationships among self-efficacy, personal goals, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 605–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 121–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Heuven, E., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Working in the sky: A dairy study among flight attendants. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 345–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.4.345CrossRefGoogle Scholar