Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:58:04.043Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Weavers into Heretics? The Social Organization of Early-Thirteenth-Century Catharism in Comparative Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Lutz Kaelber
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

How did a person become a heretic in the Middle Ages? Then, once the person was affiliated with a heretical group, how was the affiliation sustained? What social processes and mechanisms were involved that forged bonds among heretics strong enough, in some cases, for them to choose death rather than return to the bosom of the Church? Two competing accounts of what attracted people to medieval heresies have marked the extremes in historical explanations (Russell 1963): one is a materialist account elucidated by Marxist historians; the other one focuses on ideal factors, as proposed by the eminent historian Herbert Grundmann.

Type
Articles
Information
Social Science History , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , Spring 1997 , pp. 111 - 137
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1997 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, W. (1974) Massenarmut und Hungerkrisen im vorindustriellen Europa. Hamburg: Parey.Google Scholar
Abels, R., and Harrison, E. (1979) “The participation of women in Languedocian Catharism.” Mediaeval Studies 41: 215-51.Google Scholar
Becamel, M. (1968) “Le catharisme dans le diocèse d’Albi.” Cahiers de Fanjeaux 3: 237-52.Google Scholar
Benad, M. (1990) Domus und Religion in Montaillou. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar
Biget, J.-L. (1971) “Un procès d’Inquisition à Albi en 1300.” Cahiers de Fanjeaux 6: 273–341.Google Scholar
Biget, J.-L. (1985) “L’extinction du catharisme urbain.” Cahiers de Fanjeaux 20: 305-40.Google Scholar
Borst, A. (1953) Die Katharer. Stuttgart: Hiersemann.Google Scholar
Borst, A. (1968) “La transmission de l’hérésie au Moyen Age,” in Goff, J. Le (ed.) Hérésies et sociétés dans l’Europe pré-industrielle, lle—18e siècles. Paris: Mouton: 273-77.Google Scholar
Borst, A. (1988) “Die dualistische Häresie im Mittelalter,” in Barbaren, Ketzer und Artisten. Munich: Piper.Google Scholar
Bourin-Derruau, M. (1987) Villages médiévaux en Bas-Languedoc. 2 vols. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Boyle, L. E. (1981) “Montaillou revisited,” in Raftis, J. A. (ed.) Pathways to Medieval Peasants. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies: 119-40.Google Scholar
Brenon, A. (1989) “Les Cathares: Bons chrétiens et hérétiques.” Heresis 13-14: 115-55.Google Scholar
Brenon, A. (1990) Le vrai visage du Catharisme. Portet-sur-Garonne: Loubatières.Google Scholar
Brenon, A. (1992) Les femmes cathares. Paris: Perrin.Google Scholar
Brunel-Lobrichon, G. (1988) “Diffusion et spiritualité des premières clarisses méridionales.” Cahiers de Fanjeaux 23: 261-80.Google Scholar
Chenu, M.-D. (1983) Nature, Man, and Society in the Twelfth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cipolla, C. M. (1993) Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000-1700, 3d ed. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
D’Alatri, M. (1986-87) Eretici e inquisitori in Italia. 2 vols. Rome: Collegio San Lorenzo da Brindisi.Google Scholar
Davis, G. W. (1948) The Inquisition at Albi, 1299-1300. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Devailly, G. (1976) “L’Encadrement paroissial: rigueur et insuffisance.” Cahiers de Fan-jeaux 11: 387–417.Google Scholar
Diehl, P. (1996) “Overcoming reluctance to prosecute heresy in thirteenth-century Italy,” in Waugh, S. L. and Diehl, P. D. (eds.) Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 47–66.Google Scholar
Döllinger, I. von (1890) Beiträge zur Sektengeschichte des Mittelalters. 2 vols. Munich: Beck.Google Scholar
Dossat, Y. (1944) “Le clergé méridional à la veille de la Croisade Albigeoise.” Revue historique et littéraire du Languedoc 1: 263-78.Google Scholar
Dossat, Y. (1959) Les Crises de l’Inquisition toulousaine au XIII siècle (1233-1273). Bor deaux: Bière.Google Scholar
Douais, C. (1900) Documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’Inquisition dans le Languedoc. Vol. 2. Paris: Renouard.Google Scholar
Duby, G. (1968) Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Dupré, , Theseider, E. (1978) Mondo cittadino e movimenti ereticali nel Medio Evo. Bologna: Patron.Google Scholar
Duvernoy, J. (1964) “Les albigeois dans vie sociale et économique de leur temps.” Annales de l’Institut d’études occitanes, années 1962-1963. Toulouse: Privat: 64–72.Google Scholar
Duvernoy, J. (1985) “Le catharisme en Languedoc au début du XlVe siècle.” Cahiers de Fanjeaux 20: 27–56.Google Scholar
Duvernoy, J. (1986) Le catharisme. 2 vols. Paris: Privat.Google Scholar
Epstein, S. A. (1991) Wage and Labor Guilds in Medieval Europe. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Erbstösser, M. (1984) Heretics in the Middle Ages. Leipzig: Edition Leipzig.Google Scholar
Evans, A. P. (1931) “Social aspects of medieval heresy,” in Persecution and Liberty: Essays in Honor of George Lincoln Burr. New York: Century: 93–116.Google Scholar
Finke, R., and Stark, R. (1992) The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Fournier, J. (1965) Le registre d’Inquisition de Jacques Fournier, évêque de Pamiers (1318-1325), ed. Duvernoy, J.. Toulouse: Privat.Google Scholar
Fournier, J. (1972) Corrections. Toulouse: Privat.Google Scholar
Gilchrist, J. (1969) The Church and Economic Activity in the Middle Ages. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gilmont, J.-F. (1990) “Sources et critiques des sources” (with debate), in Audisio, G. (ed.) Les Vaudois des origines à leur fin (XIIe-XVIe siècles). Turin: Meynier: 105-17.Google Scholar
Gimpel, J. (1976) The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Gouron, A. (1958) La réglementation des métiers en Languedoc au moyen âge. Paris: Minard.Google Scholar
Griffe, E. (1969) Les débuts de l’aventure cathare en Languedoc (1140-1190). Paris: Letouzey et Ané.Google Scholar
Griffe, E. (1971) Le Languedoc cathare de 1190 à 1210. Paris: Letouzey et Ané.Google Scholar
Grundmann, H. (1961) Religiöse Bewegungen im Mittelalter, 2d ed. Hildesheim: Olms.Google Scholar
Grundmann, H. (1970) Ketzergeschichte des Mittelalters, 3d ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Grundmann, H. (1976) “Ketzerverhöre des Spätmittelalters als quellenkritisches Problem,” in Aufsätze, Ausgewählte. Vol. 1, Religiöse Bewegungen. Stuttgart: Hiersemann: 364–416.Google Scholar
Guidoni, E. (1977) “Città e ordini mendicanti.” Quaderni Medievali 4: 69–106.Google Scholar
Guiraud, J. (1907) Cartulaire de Notre-Dame de Prouille. Vol. 1. Paris: Picard.Google Scholar
Guiraud, J. (1935) Histoire de l’Inquisition au Moyen âge. Vol. 1. Paris: Picard.Google Scholar
Herlihy, D. (1990) Opera Muliebria: Women and Work in Medieval Europe. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Iannaccone, L. (1994) “Why strict churches are strong.” American Journal of Sociology 99: 1180–1211.Google Scholar
Kaelber, L. (1995) “Other- and inner-worldly asceticism in medieval Waldensianism: A Weberian analysis.” Sociology of Religion 56: 91–119.Google Scholar
Kaelber, L. (1996) “Religion and life conduct: A Weberian analysis of asceticism and lay religious movements in the Middle Ages.” Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Kautsky, K. (1895) Die Vorläufer des Neueren Sozialismus. Stuttgart: Dietz.Google Scholar
Koch, G. (1962) Frauenfrage und Ketzertum im Mittelalter. Berlin: Akademie.Google Scholar
Kolmer, L. (1982) Ad Capiendas Vulpes: Die Ketzerbekämpfung in Südfrankreich in der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts und die Ausbildung des Inquisitionsverfahrens. Bonn: Rohrscheid.Google Scholar
Lambert, M. D. (1992) Medieval Heresy, 2d ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lawrence, C. H. (1994) The Friars. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Le Roy Ladurie, E. (1979) Montaillou. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Little, L. K. (1978) Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
de Llobet, G. (1976) “Varieté des croyances populaires au comté de Foix au début du XlVe siècle d’après les enquêtes de Jacques Fournier.” Cahiers de Fanjeaux 11: 109-26.Google Scholar
Manselli, R. (1980) L’eresia del male. Naples: Morano.Google Scholar
Manselli, R. (1985) “La fin du catharisme en Italie.” Cahiers de Fanjeaux 20: 101–118.Google Scholar
Marx, K., and Engels, F. (1964) On Religion. New York: Schocken.Google Scholar
Merlo, G. G. (1977) Eretici e inquisitori nella società piemontese. Turin: Claudiana.Google Scholar
Merlo, G. G. (1989) Eretici ed eresie medievali. Bologna: Mulino.Google Scholar
Migne, J.-P., ed. (1844-64) Patrologiae cursus completus . . . Series Latina .... Paris: Apud Garnier Fratres.Google Scholar
Mollat, M. (1986) The Poor in the Middle Ages. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, R. I. (1985) The Origins of European Dissent. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Moore, R. L. (1994) Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace of Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mulholland, M. A. (1955) “Statutes on clothmaking: Toulouse, 1227,” in Mundy, J. H., Emery, R. W., and Nelson, B. N. (eds.) Essays in Medieval Life and Thought Presented in Honor of Austin Patterson Evans. New York: Columbia University Press: 167-80.Google Scholar
Mundy, J. H. (1954) Liberty and Political Power in Toulouse, 1050-1230. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Mundy, J. H. (1981) “Village, town, and city in the region of Toulouse,” in Raftis, J. A. (ed.) Pathways to Medieval Peasants. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies: 141-90.Google Scholar
Mundy, J. H. (1985) The Repression of Catharism at Toulouse. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.Google Scholar
Mundy, J. H. (1990) Men and Women at Toulouse in the Age of the Cathars. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.Google Scholar
Mundy, J. H. (1991) Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309, 2d ed. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Murray, A. (1972) “Piety and impiety in thirteenth-century Italy,” in Cuming, G. J. and Baker, D. (eds.) Popular Belief and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 83–106.Google Scholar
Nickson, M. (1967) “The ‘Pseudo-Reinerius’ treatise, the final stage of a thirteenth century work on heresy from the diocese of Passau.” Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 34: 255–314.Google Scholar
Pales-Gobilliard, A. (1984) L’Inquisiteur Geoffroy d’Ablis et les cathares du comté de Foix (1308-1309). Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Paolini, L. (1975) L’eresia a Bologna fra XIII e XIV secolo. Vol. 1, L’eresia catara alla fine del duecento. Rome: Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo.Google Scholar
Paolini, L. (1981) “Domus e zona degli eretici. L’esempio di Bologna nel XIII secolo.” Rivista di storia della Chiesa in Italia 35: 371-87.Google Scholar
Paolini, L., and Orioli, R. (1982-84) Acta S. Officii Bononie ab anno 1291 usque ad annum 1310. 3 vols. Rome: Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo.Google Scholar
Patschovsky, A. (1968) Der Passauer Anonymus. Stuttgart: Hiersemann.Google Scholar
Patschovsky, A. (1978) “Probleme ketzergeschichtlicher Quellenforschung,” in Mittelalterliche Textüberlieferung und ihre kritische Aufarbeitung. Munich: Monumenta Germaniae Historia: 86–91.Google Scholar
Patschovsky, A. (1979) Quellen zur Böhmischen Inquisition im 14. Jahrhundert. Weimar: Böhlau.Google Scholar
Patschovsky, A., and Selge, K.-V., eds. (1973) Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser. Gütersloh: Mohn.Google Scholar
Peters, E. (1980) Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.Google Scholar
Roach, A. (1986) “The Cathar economy.” Reading Medieval Studies 12: 51–71.Google Scholar
Roquebert, M. (1970) L’épopée cathare. 1198-1212: L’invasion. Toulouse: Privat.Google Scholar
Roquebert, M. (1985) “Le catharisme comme tradition dans la ‘Familia’ languedocienne.” Cahiers de Fanjeaux 20: 221-42.Google Scholar
Roquebert, M. (1990) L’Épopée cathare: Mourir à Montségur. Toulouse: Privat.Google Scholar
Russell, J. (1963) “Interpretations of the origins of medieval heresy.” Mediaeval Studies 25: 26–53.Google Scholar
Schmitz-Valckenberg, G. (1971) Grundlehren katharischer Sekten des 13. Jahrhunderts. Munich: Schöningh.Google Scholar
Stock, B. (1983) The Implications of Literacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thouzellier, C. (1969) Catharisme et valdéisme en Languedoc à la fin du Xlle et au début du XlIIe siècle. Louvain: Nauwelaerts.Google Scholar
Vicaire, M.-H. (1964) Saint Dominic and His Times. Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Vicaire, M.-H. (1985) “L’action de l’enseignement et de la prédication des Mendiants vis-à-vis des cathares.” Cahiers de Fanjeaux 20: 277–304.Google Scholar
Violante, C. (1968) “Hérésies urbaines et hérésies rurales en Italie du lie au 13e siècle,” in Goff, J. Le (ed.) Hérésies et sociétés dans l’Europe pré-industrielle, lle-18e siècles. Paris: Mouton: 171-97.Google Scholar
Wakefield, W. L. (1974) Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, 1100-1250. Berkeley: California University Press.Google Scholar
Wakefteld, W. L., and Evans, A. P. (1969) Heresies of the High Middle Ages: Selected Sources. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1978) Economy and Society, ed. Roth, G. and Wittich, C.. California: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Werner, E., and Erbstösser, M. (1986) Ketzer und Heilige. Vienna: Böhlau.Google Scholar