Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:42:25.395Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nutrition and Economic Development in Post-Reconstruction South Carolina

An Anthropometric Approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Extract

The determination of anthropometric historians to unearth the broad patterns of human biological well-being is now too well known to need reiteration. From Richard Steckel's exploratory essays, which could be taken as the launching manifesto of the discipline, to the most recent publications, many hundreds of thousands of records from nearly all continents of the globe have been examined (Mascie-Taylor 1991; Steckel 1979). All of this effort notwithstanding, we are still in the initial phases of this research program, with many important features of the agenda remaining unsettled (Floud, Wachter, and Gregory 1990; Fogel 1993; Komlos 1989; Mokyr and O'Grada 1988). One such question is related to the most startling discovery to date, namely, that as part of its adaptability to its socioeconomic environment, human physical stature has undergone cyclical fluctuations during the course of the last quarter of a millennium (Fogel 1986; Komlos 1987,1994a, 1994b; Nicholas and Oxley 1993).

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1995 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Act to Convert the Arsenal at Columbia, and the Citadel and Magazine in and near Charleston, into Military Schools, December 20, 1842, South Carolina Statutes at Large 11 (1873): 1838-49.Google Scholar
Act to Authorize the Reopening of the South Carolina Military Academy, January 30, 1882, South Carolina Statutes at Large 27.Google Scholar
Bailey, Jr., Moore, Harris (1991) “The splendid little forgotten war: The mobilization of South Carolina for the war with Spain.” South Carolina Historical Magazine 92: 189214.Google Scholar
Beardsley, Edward S. (1987) A History of Neglect: Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth-Century South. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Bond, Oliver J. (1936) The Story of The Citadel. Richmond, VA: Garrett and Massie.Google Scholar
Breeden, James O. (1988) “Disease as a factor in southern distinctiveness,” in Savitt, Todd L. and Young, James Harvey, eds., Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press: 128.Google Scholar
Bulletin of The Citadel: The Military College of South Carolina, Catalogue Issue 1989–1990. Charleston, SC: The Citadel.Google Scholar
Carlton, David L. (1982) Mill and Town in South Carolina, 1880–1920. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Carrigan, Jo Ann (1988) “Yellow fever: Scourge of the South,” in Savitt, Todd L. and Young, James Harvey, eds., Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press: 5578.Google Scholar
Coclanis, Peter A. (1989) The Shadow of a Dream: Economic Life and Death in the South Carolina Low Country, 1670–1920. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cosmas, Graham A. (1971) An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish American War. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Costa, Dora L. (1993) “Height, wealth, and disease among the nativeborn in the rural, antebellum North.” Social Science History 17: 355-84.Google Scholar
Coulter, E. Merton (1928) College Life in the Old South. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cowdrey, Albert E. (1983) This Land, This South: An Environmental History. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar
Cuff, Timothy (1994) “The body mass index of West Point cadets in the nineteenth century.” Historical Methods 27.Google Scholar
Duffy, John (1988) “The impact of malaria on the South,” in Savitt, Todd L. and Young, James Harvey, eds., Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press: 2954.Google Scholar
Easterlin, Richard A. (1960) “Interregional differences in per capita income, population, and total income, 1840–1950,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Studies in Income and Wealth 24, Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Easterlin, Richard A. (1961) “Regional income trends, 1840–1950,” in Harris, Seymour E., American Economic History. New York: McGraw-Hill: 525-47.Google Scholar
Edgar, Walter B. (1992) South Carolina in the Modern Age. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Etheridge, Elizabeth W. (1972) The Butterfly Caste: A Social History of Pellagra in the South. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Etheridge, Elizabeth W. (1988) “Pellagra: An unappreciated reminder of southern distinctiveness,” in Savitt, Todd L. and Young, James Harvey, eds., Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press: 100-19.Google Scholar
Ettling, John (1981) The Germ of Laziness: Rockefeller Philanthropy and Public Health in the New South. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fite, Gilbert C. (1984) Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture 1865–1980. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar
Floud, Roderick, Wachter, Kenneth and Gregory, Annabel (1990) Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom, 1750–1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert W. (1986) “Nutrition and the decline in mortality since 1700: some preliminary findings,” in Engerman, Stanley L. and Gallman, Robert E., eds., Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth, National Bureau of Economic Research, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Studies in Income and Wealth 51: Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 439555.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert W. (1993) “New sources and new techniques for the study of secular trends in nutritional status, health, mortality, and the process of aging.” Historical Methods 26: 543.Google Scholar
Godbold, Albea (1944) The Church College of the Old South. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Graham, Jr., E., Robert (1971) “Personal income in South Carolina by type, source, and geographical areas, 1929–1969.” Essays in Economics 24: Columbia, SC: Bureau of Business and Economic Research, College of Business Administration, University of South Carolina.Google Scholar
Grantham, Dewey W. (1983) Southern Progressivism: The Reconciliation of Progress and Tradition. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Hilliard, Sam B. (1972) Hog Meat and Hoecake: Food Supply in the Old South, 1840–1860. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Hollis, Daniel Walker (1951–56) Sesquicentennial History of the University of South Carolina. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, George K. (1916) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Crop Estimates, Meat Situation in the United States, Part I, Report No. 109. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
James, John A. (1981) “Financial underdevelopment in the postbellum South.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11: 443-54.Google Scholar
Johnston, Olin D., Papers, Box 39, Departmental Commissions, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia, SC.Google Scholar
Komlos, John (1987) “The height and weight of West Point cadets: Dietary change in antebellum America.” Journal of Economic History 47: 897927.Google Scholar
Komlos, John (1989) Nutrition and Economic Development in the Eighteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy: An Anthropometric History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Komlos, John (1992) “Toward an anthropometric history of African-Americans: The case of the free blacks of antebellum Maryland.” Goldin, Claudia and Rockoff, Hugh, eds., Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel: National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 297329.Google Scholar
Komlos, John (1993) “The secular trend in the nutritional status of the population of the United Kingdom, 1730–1860.” Economic History Review 46: 115-44.Google Scholar
Komlos, John (1993b) “A Malthusian crisis revisited: The stature of runaway indentured servants in Colonial America.” Economic History Review 46: 768-82.Google Scholar
Komlos, John (1994a) “The stature of runaway slaves in colonial America,” in Komlos, John, ed., The Standard of Living and Economic Development: Essays in Anthropometric History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: Chapter 6.Google Scholar
Komlos, John (1994b) “The nutritional status of the students of the Ecole Polytechnique, 1770–1869.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 24 (Winter) 3: 493509.Google Scholar
Kovacik, Charles F. and Mason, Robert E. (1985) “Changes in the South Carolina sea island cotton industry.” Southeastern Geographer 25: 77104.Google Scholar
Lee, Everett S. et al. (1957–60) “Population redistribution and economic growth, 1870–1950.” Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 45 and 51: Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar
Marcus, Alan I. (1988) “The South's native foreigners: Hookworm as a factor in southern distinctiveness,” in Savitt, Todd L. and Young, James Harvey, eds., Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press: 7999.Google Scholar
Mascie-Taylor, C. G. Nicholas (1991) “Biosocial influences on stature: A review.” Journal of Biosocial Science 23: 113-28.Google Scholar
McFall, Robert James (1927) The World's Meat. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel and O'Grada, Cormac (1988) “Poor and getting poorer? Living standards in Ireland before the famine.” Economic History Review 41: 209-35.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Stephen and Deborah, Oxley (1993) “The living standards of women during the Industrial Revolution, 1795–1820.” Economic History Review 46: 723-49.Google Scholar
Potter, David M. (1968) The South and the Sectional Conflict. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Ransom, Roger L. and Sutch, Richard (1977) One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
South Carolina Military Academy, Charleston, SC (1990) Circular of Information. Charleston, SC; The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, Bulletin of The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina: General Information Announcements for 1945–6. Charleston, SC.Google Scholar
South Carolina Statutes at Large, 1879–82, 1838–49.Google Scholar
Steckel, Richard H. (1987) “Growth depression and recovery: The remarkable case of American slaves.” Annals of Human Biology 14: 111-32.Google Scholar
Steckel, Richard H. (1979) “Slave height profiles from coastwise manifests.” Explorations in Economic History 16: 363-80.Google Scholar
Steckel, Richard H., and Haurin, Donald R. (1994) “Health and nutrition in the American midwest: Evidence from the height of Ohio National Guardsmen, 1850–1910,” in Komlos, John (ed.), The Standard of Living and Economic Development: Essays in Anthropometric History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: Chapter 7.Google Scholar
Tanner, James (1978) Foetus into Men: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, John P. (1879) Historical Sketch of the South Carolina Military Academy. Charleston, SC: Walker, Evans & Cogswell.Google Scholar
Trask, David F. (1981) The War with Spain in 1898. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture (1949) Consumption of Food in the United States 1909–1948. Washington, DC: Bureau of Agricultural Economics.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1975) Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Waring, Joseph I. (1964–1971) A History of Medicine in South Carolina. Columbia, SC: South Carolina Medical Association 2.Google Scholar
Wright, Gavin (1978) The Political Economy of the Cotton South: Households, Markets, and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Wright, Gavin (1986) Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Wu, Jialu (1994) “The effects of the Great Depression on the material standard of living: Anthropometric evidence from Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Pa., 1890–1950,” in Komlos, John (ed.), The Standard of Living and Economic Development: Essays in Anthropometric History: Chicago: University of Chicago Press: Chapter 8.Google Scholar