Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-03T19:14:07.096Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Facing the State: Everyday Interactions throughout Regime Change: Chile’s State Milk 1954–2010

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 August 2018

Jael Goldsmith Weil
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article uses Chile’s state milk program as a prism to map the trajectory of Chile’s social state through three combinations of political, economic, and welfare regimes. It traces the informal strategies deployed by citizens and local service providers and presents a historical typology of these encounters between 1954 and 2010, examining what commodification and decommodification mean to families in their everyday lives and discussing the implications of these findings to the literature on welfare regimes. The most important finding of this article is that regime type shapes but does not determine levels of provision. Welfare provision occurs in everyday interactions between state workers and citizens, and changes in regime type are filtered through and resisted through practices and strategies deployed in face-to-face encounters between local state representatives and citizens. There is often a large gap between central policy and these informal institutions that are created in everyday on-the-ground encounters between local state workers and citizens. Therefore, a second main conclusion of this article is that the informal institutions created at the local provision level coexist, compete, and clash with formal rules. A third conclusion of this article is that, to some extent, people who are regulated by the state also have some capacity to regulate their exchanges with the state, and, at the same time, state workers who organize and are organized by the state to distribute resources exercise discretionary power when implementing social programs.

Type
Research Article
Information
Social Science History , Volume 42 , Issue 3 , Fall 2018 , pp. 469 - 494
Copyright
© Social Science History Association, 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amenta, Edwin (1993) “The state of the art in welfare state research on social spending efforts in capitalist democracies since 1960.” American Journal of Sociology 99: 750–763.Google Scholar
Amenta, Edwin (2003) “What we know about the development of social policy: Comparative and historical research in comparative and historical perspective.” in Dietrich Rueschemeyer and James Mahoney eds. Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press: 91–130.Google Scholar
Arellano, José Pablo (1985) Políticas Sociales y Desarrollo: Chile 1924–1984. Santiago, Chile: CIEPLAN.Google Scholar
Atalah S., Eduardo, Glora Vera, Gastón Rosselot P., Héctor Araya L., Ramón Andreu R., Marcela Alviña W., Marcela Araya B., Vianny Vargas P., Karina Peñafiel W., Catalina Barba G., and Tito Pizarro Q. (2008) “Desarrollo, Consumo y Aceptabilidad de una Bebida Láctea con DHA para Embarazadas y Nodrizas.” Revista Chilena de Nutrición 35 (4).Google Scholar
Borzutzky, Silvia (2002) Vital Connections: Politics, Social Security, and Inequality in Chile. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Borzutzky, Silvia Weeks, Gregoryeds. (2010) The Bachelet Government: Conflict and Consensus in Post-Pinochet Chile. Gainsville: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Sarah M. (2004) “International financial institutions and the diffussion of foreign models for social security reform in Latin America.” in Kurt Weyland (ed.) Learning from Foreign Models in Latin American Policy Reform. Washington, DC: John Hopkins University Press: 53–81.Google Scholar
Brooks, Sarah M. (2007) “Globalization and pension reform in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society 49 (4): 31–62.Google Scholar
Castañeda, Tarsicio (1990, 1992) Para Combatir la Pobreza: Política Social y Decentralización en Chile durante los 80./Combattng Poverty: Innovative Social Reforms in Chile During the 1980s. Santiago, Chile: Centro de Estudios Públicos.Google Scholar
Castiglioni, Rossana (2005a) The Politics of Social Policy Change in Chile and Uruguay: Retrenchment versus Maintenance, 1973–1998. Latin American Studies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Castiglioni, Rossana (2005b) “Reforma de pensiones en América Latina: Orígenes y estrategias, 1980–2002.” Revista de Ciencia Política 25 (2).Google Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins Collier, David (1991) Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Joseph Lear, John (1995) Chile’s Free-Market Miracle: A Second Look. Oakland, CA: A Food First Book.Google Scholar
Contreras M., Angela, Yilda Herrera, Lorena Rodríguez O., Tito Pizarro Q., and Eduardo Atalah S. (2011) “Aceptabilidad y consumo de una bebida láctea con Omega-3 en embarazadas y nodrizas del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementaria.” Revista Chilena de Nutrición 38 (3)Google Scholar
Davila, Mireya (2005) “Health reform in contemporary Chile: Does politics matter?” Master’s thesis, University of North Carolina.Google Scholar
Dreze, Jen Sen, Amartya (1989) Hunger and Public Action. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Estevez-Abe, Margarita, Iverson, Torben Soskice, David (2001) “Social protection and the formation of skills: A reinterpretation of the welfare state.” in Peter A. and David Soskice Hall eds. Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ewig, Christina Kay, Stephen J. (2011) “Postretrenchment politics: Policy feedback in Chile’s health and pension reforms.” Latin American Politics and Society 53 (4): 67–99.Google Scholar
FaríasAntognini, Ana Antognini, Ana (2014) “Segmentación en la distribución del bienestar. Chile, reformas sociales 2000–2010.” Paper presented at the XI Congreso Chileno de Ciencia Política, Santiago, Chile.Google Scholar
Filgueira, Fernando (2005) “Past, present and future of the Latin American social state: Critical junctures and critical choices.” Working Paper UNRISD.Google Scholar
Filgueira, Fernando (2013) “Basic universalism—The way forward or a dead end? Or: The What kind of social policy in the new social contract?” Paper presented at Latin American Studies Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Foxley, Alejandro Racynski, Dagmar (1984) “Grupos vulnerables en situaciones recesivas: El caso de los niños y jóvenes en Chile.” Colección Estudios Cieplan 13 (89): 107–139.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy (1996) “Gender equity and the welfare state: A postindustrial thought experiment.” in Seyla Benhabib (ed.) Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
George, Alexander L. Bennett, Andrew (2005) Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gideon, Jasmine (2006) “Accessing economic and social rights under neoliberalism: Gender and rights in Chile.” Third World Quarterly 27 (7): 1269–1283.Google Scholar
Gideon, Jasmine (2012) “Engendering the health agenda? Reflections on the Chilean case, 2000–2010.” Social Politics 19 (3): 333–360.Google Scholar
Gideon, Jasmine (2015) Gender, Globalization, and Health in a Latin American Context. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Glatzer, Miguel Rueschemeyer, Dietrich (2005) Globalization and the Future of the Welfare State. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Gobierno de Chile, ed. (2005) Nutrición para el desarrollo: El Modelo Chileno. Ministerio de Salud. Santiago, Chile: Lom Ediciones.Google Scholar
Goldsmith Weil, Jael (2017a) “Milk makes state: The extension and implementation of Chile’s state milk programs, 1917–1971.” Historia 50 (I).Google Scholar
Goldsmith Weil, Jael (2017b) “Using critical junctures to explain continuity: The case of state milk in neoliberal Chile.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 36 (1): 52–67.Google Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna (2010) “The best laid plans: The impact of informal rules on formal institutions in transitional regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 45 (3): 311–333.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan Kaufman, Robert R. (2008) Development, Democracy, and Welfare States: Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange-Marie (2004) The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity of the Welfare Queen. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Haney, Lynne (2002) Inventing the Needy: Gender and the Politics of Welfare in Hungary. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen Levitsky, Steven(2004) “Informal institutions and comparative politics: A research agenda.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (3): 725–740.Google Scholar
Hicks, Alexander (1999) Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A Century of Income Security Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hicks, Alexander Kenworthy, Lane(2003) “Varieties of welfare capitalism.” Socio-Economic Review 1: 27–61.Google Scholar
Hicks, Alexander, Misra, Joya Ng, Tang Nah(1995) “The programmatic emergence of the social security state.” American Sociological Review 60 (3): 329–349.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. (1970) Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne (2013) “Basic universalism—The way forward or a dead end? Or: The what kind of social policy in the new social contract?” Paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, DC, May 30.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne Stephens, John D.(2001) “Welfare state and production regimes in the era of retrenchment.” in Paul Pierson (ed.) The New Politics of the Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press: 107–145.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne Stephens, John D. (2012) Democracy and the Left: Social Policy and Inequality in Latin America. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Illanes, Maria Angelica (2007) Cuerpo y sangre de la politica: La construccion historica de las Visitadoras Sociales (1887–1940). Santiago, Chile: LOM ediciones.Google Scholar
Inhorn, M. C. (2006) “Defining women’s health: A dozen measures from more than 150 ethnographies.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 20 (3): 345–378.Google Scholar
Iversen, Torben (2001) “The dynamics of welfare state expansion: Trade openness, de-industrialization, and partisan politics.” in Paul Pierson (ed.) The New Politics of the Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press: 45–79.Google Scholar
Jímenez de la Jara, Jorge (2009) Angelitos Salvados: Un recuento de las políticas de salud infantil en Chile en el siglo XX. Santiago, Chile: Uqbar Editores.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Robert (2013) “Basic universalism—The way forward or a dead end? Or: The what kind of social policy in the new social contract?” Paper presented at Latin American Studies Association, Washington, DC, May 30.Google Scholar
Kubal, Mary Rose (2006) “Contradictions and constraints in Chile’s health care and education decentralization.” Latin American Politics and Society 48 (4): 105–135.Google Scholar
Lister, Ruth (2002) “The responsible citizen: Creating a new British welfare contract.” in Catherine Kingfisher (ed.) Western Welfare Decline. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Long, Norman (1999) “The multiple optic of interface analysis,” in Unesco Background Paper on Interface Analysis. Wageningen University.Google Scholar
Lynch, Julia (2006) Age in the Welfare State: The Origins of Social Spending on Pensioners, Workers, and Children. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Madrid, Raúl L. (2003) Retiring the State: The Politics of Pension Privatization in Latin America and Beyond. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James Thelen, Kathleeneds. (2010) Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mardones, F. Zamora, R. (1990) “Evaluación socio-económica de la entrega de leche ‘Purita’ a la embarazada en Chile.” Revista Médica de Chile 118: 1043–1051.Google Scholar
Mardones, F., Urrutia, M. T., Villarroel, L., Rioseco, A., Castillo, O., Rozowski, J., Tapia, J. L., Bastias, G., Bacallao, J. Rojas, I. (2008) “Effects of a dairy product fortifies wth multiple micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids on birth weight and gestation duration in pregnant Chilean women.” Public Health Nutrition 11 (1): 30–40.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, Juliana (2008) Domesticar la Incertidumbre en America Latina: Mercado laboral, politica social y familias. San Jose, Costa Rica: Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, Juliana Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego(2016) The Quest for Universal Social Policy in the South: Actors, Ideas and Architectures. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, Juliana Voorend, Koen(2012) “Blacks, whites, or grays? Conditional transfers and gender equality in Latin America.” Social Politics 19 (3): 383–407.Google Scholar
McGuire, James (2010) Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (1990–2011) La Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional, Chile.Google Scholar
Mönckeberg Barros, Fernando (2003) “Prevención de la desnutrición en Chile. Experiencia vivida por un actor y espectador.” Revista Chilena de Nutrición 30 (1): 160–176.Google Scholar
Mooney, Jadwiega E. Pieper (2009) The Politics of Motherhood: Maternity and Women’s Rights in 20th Century Chile. Pittsburh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. M. (2007) “Elections, democracy, and social services.” Studies in Comparative International Development 41 (4): 79–97.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo A. (1993) “On the state, democratization and some conceptual problems: A Latin American view with glances at some postcommunist countries.” World Development 21 (8): 1355–1369.Google Scholar
Orloff, Ann Shola (1993) “Gender and the social rights of citizenship: The comparative analysis of gender relations and the welfare states.” American Sociological Review 58 (3): 303–328.Google Scholar
Orloff, Ann Shola (1996) “Gender in the welfare state.” Annual Review of Sociology 22: 51–78.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul (1994) Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul (2000) “The three worlds of welfare state research.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (7): 791–821.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul (2001) The New Politics of the Welfare State. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pribble, Jennifer (2006) “Women and welfare: The politics of coping with new social risks in Chile and Uruguay.” Latin American Research Review 41 (2): 84–111.Google Scholar
Pribble, Jennifer (2013a) “Basic universalism—The way forward or a dead end? Or: The what kind of social policy in the new social contract?” Paper presented at Latin American Studies Association, Washington, DC, May 30.Google Scholar
Pribble, Jennifer (2013b) Welfare and Party Politics in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Racynski, Dagmar (1991) “Social policy and economic change in Chile 1975–1985: The case of children.” International Journal of Health Services 21 (1): 17–47.Google Scholar
Racynski, Dagmar Oyarzo, Cesar(1981) “¿Por Qué Cae la Tasa de Mortalidad Infantil en Chile?” Colección Estudios Cieplan 6 (55): 45–84.Google Scholar
Richards, Patricia (2004) Pobladoras, Indígenas, and the State: Conflicts over Women’s Rights in Chile. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Richards, Patricia (2013) Race and the Chilean Miracle: Neoliberalism, Democracy, and Indigenous Rights. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Rojas Flores, Jorge (2010) Historia de la Infancia en el Chile Republicano: 1810–2010. Santiago, Chile: Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles.Google Scholar
Ruiz Tagle, J. U. Urmeneta, R.(1984) Los Trabajadores del Programa de Empleo Mínimo en el Capitalismo Autoritario: Condiciones del Trabajo, Comportamiento, Rol Sociopolítico. Santiago, Chile: Programa de Investigaciones Sociales sobre Población en América Latina.Google Scholar
Sandbrook, Richard, Edelman, Marc, Heller, Patrick Teichman, Judith(2006) Social Democracy in the Global Periphery: Origins, Challenges, Prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sarigil, Zeki (2015) “Showing the path to path dependence: The habitual path.” European Political Science Review 7 (2): 221–242.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. (1985) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scully, Timothy (1992) Rethinking the Center: Party Politics in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Chile. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Siavelis, Peter M. (2006) “Accomodating informal institutions and Chilean democracy.” in Gretchen Helmke and Steven Levistsky (eds). Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press: 33–55.Google Scholar
Siavelis, Peter M. (2009) “Enclaves de la transición y democracia Chilena.” Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (1): 3–21.Google Scholar
Staab, Silke (2012) “Maternalism, male-breadwinner bias, and market reform: Historical legacies and current reforms in Chilean social policy.” Social Politics 19 (3): 299–332.Google Scholar
Staab, Silke (2016) “Opportunities and constraints on gender-egalitarian policy change: Michelle Bachelet’s social protection agenda (2006–2010).” in Georgina Waylen (ed.) Gender, Institutions, and Change in Bachelet’s Chile. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan: 121–147.Google Scholar
Subsecretaria de Salud Pública (2013) Informe técnico encuesta nacional de lactancia materna en la atención primaria (ENALMA). CHILE 2013. Edited by Ministerio de Salud: Gobierno de Chile.Google Scholar
Taylor, Marcus (2004) “Labor reform and the contradictions of ‘Growth with Equity’ in postdictatorship Chile.” Latin American Perspectives 31 (4): 76–93.Google Scholar
Tsai, K. (2006) “Adaptive informal institutions and endogenous institutional change in China.” World Politics 59 (1): 116–141.Google Scholar
Waylen, Georgina, ed. (2016) Gender, Institutions, and Change in Bachelet’s Chile, Studies of the Americas. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt Gerhard, ed. (2004) Learning from Foreign Models in Latin American Policy Reform. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar