Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:51:52.140Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Changing Nature of Professional Regulation in Canada, 1867–1961

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Tracey L. Adams
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

There is a growing body of literature exploring the relationship between regulated professions and the state. Research has shown that the state is the key source of power for professions, and it has suggested that professions may support and assist state agencies and actors in many ways. Although studies have documented changing state-profession relations across region and era and recent research points to significant change in the regulation of some professions in the past decade or two, there remains much that we do not know about the changing nature of professional regulation over time. In this article I examine professional regulation in four Canadian provinces between 1867 and 1961. The findings reveal distinct eras of professional regulation and definite differences in who is regulated and how over time. There are many more regulated professions toward the end of the period, they are more closely regulated by the state, and their relationships to each other are more closely delineated. The implications for our understanding of state-profession relations over time are discussed.

Type
Articles
Information
Social Science History , Volume 33 , Issue 2 , summer 2009 , pp. 217 - 243
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 2009 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Andrew (1988) The System of Professions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Abbott, Andrew (2005) “Linked ecologies: States and universities as environments for professions.” Sociological Theory 23: 245–74.Google Scholar
Adams, Mary Louise (1993–94) “In sickness and in health: State formation, moral regulation, and early VD initiatives in Ontario.” Journal of Canadian Studies 28: 117–31.Google Scholar
Adams, Tracey L. (2000) A Dentist and a Gentleman: Gender and the Rise of Dentistry in Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Adams, Tracey L. (2005) “Legislating professionals: Private bills for entry to practise professions in Ontario, 1868–1914.” Journal of Historical Sociology 18: 173–201.Google Scholar
Berman, Elizabeth Popp (2006) “Before the professional project: Success and failure at creating an organizational representative for English doctors.” Theory and Society 35: 157–91.Google Scholar
Bernier, Jacques (1981) “Vers un nouvel ordre medical: Les origines de la corporation des médicines et chirurgiens du Québec.” Recherches sociographiques 22: 307–30.Google Scholar
Bledstein, Burton J. (1976) The Culture of Professionalism. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Brazier, Margaret, Lovecy, Jill, Moranand, Michael, and Potton, Margaret (1993) “Falling from a tightrope: Doctors and lawyers between the market and the state.” Political Studies 41: 197–213.Google Scholar
Chartered Stenographic Reporters Association (CSRA) (1892) Proceedings of the First Annual General Meeting. Toronto: Press of the Budget.Google Scholar
Coburn, David (1999) “Phases of capitalism, welfare states, medical dominance, and health care in Ontario.” International Journal of Health Services 29: 833–51.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall (1979) The Credential Society: A Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall (1990) “Changing conceptions in the sociology of professions,” in Torstendahl, R. and Burrage, M. (eds.) The Formation of Professions. London: Sage: 10–21.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Emile (1984) “Preface to the second edition: Some remarks on professional groups,” in The Division of Labour in Society. New York: Free Press: xxxi–lix.Google Scholar
Evetts, Julia (2002) “New directions in state and international professional occupations: Discretionary decision-making and acquired regulation.” Work, Employment, and Society 16: 341–53.Google Scholar
Evetts, Julia, and Dingwall, Robert (2002) “Professional occupations in the U.K. and Europe: Legitimation and governmentality.” International Review of Sociology 12: 159–71.Google Scholar
Freidson, Eliot (2001) Professionalism: The Third Logic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gidney, R. D., and Millar, W. P. J. (1984) “The origins of organized medicine in Ontario, 1850–1869,” in Roland, Charles G. (ed.) Health, Disease, and Medicine: Essays in Canadian History. Toronto: Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine: 65–95.Google Scholar
Gidney, R. D., and Millar, W. P. J. (1994) Professional Gentlemen: The Professions in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Girard, Erik, and Bauder, Harald (2007) “The making of an ‘arcane’ infrastructure: Immigrant practitioners and the origins of professional engineering regulation in Ontario.” Canadian Geographer 51: 233–46.Google Scholar
Goebel, Thomas (1994) “Professionalization and state building: The state and the professions in Illinois, 1870–1920.” Social Science History 18: 309–37.Google Scholar
Gullett, D. W. (1971) A History of Dentistry in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C. (1987) Beyond Monopoly: Lawyers, State Crises, and Professional Empowerment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Haug, Marie (1980) “The sociological approach to self-regulation,” in Blair, R. D. and Rubin, S. (eds.) Regulating the Professions. Lexington, MA: Lexington: 61–80.Google Scholar
Heidenheimer, Arnold J. (1989) “Professional knowledge and state policy in comparative historical perspective: Law and medicine in Britain, Germany, and the United States.” International Social Science Journal 122: 529–53.Google Scholar
Houston, C. Stuart (2002) Steps on the Road to Medicare: Why Saskatchewan Led the Way. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Howell, Colin (1981) “Reform and the monopolistic impulse: The professionalization of medicine in the Maritimes.” Acadiensis 11: 3–22.Google Scholar
Howell, Colin (1984) “Elite doctors and the development of scientific medicine,” in Roland, Charles G. (ed.) Health, Disease, and Medicine: Essays in Canadian History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 105–22.Google Scholar
Howell, Colin (1992) “Medical professionalization and the social transformation of the Maritimes.” Journal of Canadian Studies 27: 5–20.Google Scholar
Johnson, Terry (1982) “The state and the professions: Peculiarities of the British,” in Giddens, A. and MacKenzie, G. (eds.) Social Class and the Division of Labour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 186–208.Google Scholar
Johnson, Terry (1993) “Expertise and the state,” in Gane, M. and Johnson, T. (eds.) Foucault's New Domains. London: Routledge: 139–52.Google Scholar
Kett, Joseph F. (1967) “American and Canadian medical institutions, 1800–1870.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 22: 343–56.Google Scholar
Krause, Elliott A. (1996) Death of the Guilds: Professions, States, and the Advance of Capitalism, 1930 to the Present. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Larson, Magali Sarfatti (1977) The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Law, Marc T., and Kim, Sukkoo (2005) “Specialization and regulation: The rise of professionals and the emergence of occupational licensing regulation.” Journal of Economic History 65: 723–56.Google Scholar
Macdonald, Keith M. (1995) The Sociology of Professions. London: Sage.Google Scholar
MacNab, Elizabeth (1970) A Legal History of Health Professions in Ontario. Toronto: Queen's Printer.Google Scholar
Maioni, Antonia (1997) “Parting at the crossroads: The development of health insurance in Canada and the United States, 1940–1965.” Comparative Politics 29: 411–31.Google Scholar
McCaughey, Dan (1984) “Professional militancy: The Medical Defence Association vs. the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, 1891–1902,” in Roland, Charles G. (ed.) Health, Disease, and Medicine: Essays in Canadian History. Toronto: Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine: 96–104.Google Scholar
Naylor, C. David (1982–83) “The CMA's First Code of Ethics.” Journal of Canadian Studies 17: 20–32.Google Scholar
Naylor, C. David (1986) Private Practice, Public Payment: Canadian Medicine and the Politics of Health Insurance, 1911–1966. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Neal, Mark, and Morgan, John (2000) “The professionalization of everyone? A comparative study of the development of the professions in the United Kingdom and Germany.” European Sociological Review 16: 9–26.Google Scholar
Reader, W. J. (1966) Professional Men: The Rise of the Professional Classes in Nineteenth-Century England. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Richardson, Alan J. (1987) “Professionalization and intra-professional competition in the Canadian accounting profession.” Work and Occupations 14: 591–615.Google Scholar
Rubin, Stephen (1980) “The legal web of professional regulation,” in Blair, R. D. and Rubin, Stephen (eds.) Regulating the Professions. Lexington, MA: Lexington: 29–60.Google Scholar
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich (1986) “Comparing legal professions cross-nationally: From a professions-centred to a state-centred approach.” American Bar Foundation Research Journal 11: 415–46.Google Scholar
Sciulli, David (2005) “Continental sociology of professions today: Conceptual contributions.” Current Sociology 53: 915–42.Google Scholar
Sears, Alan (1990) “Immigration controls as social policy: The case of Canadian medical inspection, 1900–1920.” Studies in Political Economy 33: 91–112.Google Scholar
Sears, Alan (1995) “Before the welfare state: Public health and social policy.” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 32: 169–88.Google Scholar
Shortt, S. E. D. (1983) “Physicians, science, and status: Issues in the professionalization of Anglo-American medicine in the nineteenth century.” Medical History 27: 51–68.Google Scholar
Simmins, Geoffrey (1989) Ontario Association of Architects: A Centennial History, 1889–1989. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Spencer, Herbert (1898) Principles of Sociology, 3rd ed. New York: Appleton.Google Scholar
Starr, Paul (1982) The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Tunis, Barbara (1981) “Medical education and medical licensing in Lower Canada.” Histoire sociale 14: 67–91.Google Scholar
Wallace, Elisabeth (1950) “The origin of the social welfare state in Canada, 1867–1900.” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 16: 383–93.Google Scholar
Weber, Max (1946) “Bureaucracy,” in Gerth, H. H. and Mills, Wright C. (eds.) From Max Weber. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 196–244.Google Scholar
White, Kevin N. (2000) “The state, the market, and general practice: The Australian case.” International Journal of Health Services 30: 285–308.Google Scholar