Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:49:59.579Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Welfare Conditionality, Inequality and Unemployed People with Alternative Values

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 September 2010

Andrew Dunn*
Affiliation:
School of Social Science, University of Lincoln E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Labour and Conservatives' claims that welfare conditionality is ‘fair’ rely upon an empirically unsupported assumption that almost-equal opportunities can exist alongside starkly unequal outcomes. Fifty interviews examined in-depth a diverse sample's values, views about work and welfare, and labour market choices. Respondents' views on equality strongly influenced their views on conditionality and what they considered acceptable labour market behaviour. ‘Alternative’ unemployed respondents, who rejected politicians' suggestions they ‘should work’, nevertheless favoured an equal society with work obligations and often undertook voluntary work. The article concludes that policy-makers should be more sensitive to Jobseeker's Allowance claimants' diverse moralities and motivations.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ball, S. (2003), Class Strategies and the Education Market: The Middle Classes and Social Advantage, London: Routledge/Falmer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamfield, L. and Brooks, R. (2006), Narrowing the Gap: The Fabian Commission on Life Chances and Child Poverty, London: Fabian Society.Google Scholar
Barlow, A., Duncan, S. and James, G. (2002), ‘New Labour, the rationality mistake and family policy in Britain’, in Carling, A., Duncan, S. and Edwards, R. (eds.), Analysing Families: Morality and Rationality in Policy and Practice, London: Routledge, pp. 110–28.Google Scholar
Barry, B. (2005), Why Social Justice Matters, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Cameron, D. (2008), ‘A real plan for welfare reform’, speech, 8 January, available at www.conservatives.com/News/Speeches/2008/01/David_Cameron_A_real_plan_for_welfare_reform.aspx, accessed 1 November 2008.Google Scholar
Conservative Party (2008), Repair: Plan for Social Reform, London: Conservative Party.Google Scholar
Conservative Party (2010), Invitation to Join the Government of Britain: the Conservative Manifesto 2010, London: Conservative Central Office.Google Scholar
Deacon, A. (2002), Perspectives on Welfare, Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Dixon, M. and Paxton, W. (2005), ‘The state of the nation’, in Pearce, N. and Paxton, W. (eds.), Social Justice, London: Politicos, pp. 2161.Google Scholar
Driver, S. and Martell, L. (2006), New Labour, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Duncan, S. and Edwards, R. (1999), Lone Mothers, Paid Work and Gendered Moral Rationalities, London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, S. and Irwin, S. (2004), ‘The social patterning of values and rationalities: mothers’ choices in combining caring and employment’, Social Policy and Society, 3, 4, 391–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwyer, P. (2004) ‘Creeping conditionality in the UK: from welfare rights to conditional entitlements’, Canadian Journal of Sociology, 29, 2, 265–87.Google Scholar
Engbersen, G., Schuyt, K., Timmer, J. and Van Waarden, F. (1993), Cultures of Unemployment: A Comparative Look at Long-Term Unemployment and Urban Poverty, Oxford: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (2005), ‘Inequality of incomes and opportunities’, in Giddens, A. and Diamond, P. (eds.), The New Egalitarianism, Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 838.Google Scholar
Etzioni, A. (1995), The Spirit of Community, London: Fontana.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, T. (2005), ‘The fourth attempt to construct a politics of welfare obligations’, Policy and Politics, 33, 1, 1532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furnham, A. (1990), The Protestant Work Ethic, London: Routledge.Google ScholarPubMed
Gebauer, R. and Vobruba, G. (2003), ‘The open unemployment trap: life at the intersection of labour market and welfare state: the case of Germany’, Journal of Social Policy, 32, 1, 571–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giddens, A. (1998), The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Golding, P. and Middleton, S. (1982), Images of Welfare, Oxford: Martin Robertson.Google Scholar
Hills, J. (2004), Inequality and the State, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hills, J. and Lelkes, O. (1999), ‘Social security, selective universalism and patchwork redistribution’, in Jowell, R., Curtice, J., Park, A. and Thomson, K., with Jarvis, L., Bromley, C. and Stratford, N. (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 16th Report, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 122.Google Scholar
Hirsch, F. (1977), Social Limits to Growth, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
HM Government (2010), The Coalition: Our Programme for Government, London: Cabinet Office.Google Scholar
Hutton, J. (2006), ‘Welfare reform: 10 years on, 10 years ahead’, speech, 18 December, available at www.dwp.gov.uk/aboutus/2006/18–12-06.asp., accessed 11 June 2008.Google Scholar
Jordan, B., James, J., Kay, H. and Redley, M. (1992), Trapped in Poverty? Labour Market Decisions in Low Income Households, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kelvin, P. and Jarrett, J. (1985), Unemployment: Its Social Psychological Effects, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Letwin, O. (2006), ‘Why we have signed up to Labour's anti-poverty target’, article, 11 April, available at www.conservatives.com/News/Articles/2006/04/Letwin_Why_we_have_signed_up_to_Labours_anti-poverty_target.aspx, accessed 1 November 2008.Google Scholar
Levitas, R. (2005), The Inclusive Society: Social Exclusion and New Labour (2nd edition), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, M. and White, S. (2006), ‘Inheritance tax: what do the people think? Evidence from deliberative workshops’, in Paxton, W. and White, S. with Maxwell, D. (eds.), The Citizen's Stake: Exploring the Future of Universal Asset Policies, Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 1536.Google Scholar
Lister, R. (1998), ‘From equality to social inclusion: New Labour and the welfare state’, Critical Social Policy, 18, 2, 215–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, R. (2001), ‘New Labour: a study in ambiguity from a position of ambivalence’, Critical Social Policy, 21, 4, 425–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, R. (2004), Poverty, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, E., Millar, J. and Cooke, K. (1989), Work and Welfare Benefits, Aldershot: Ashbury.Google Scholar
Marshall, T. (1950), Citizenship and Social Class, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mead, L. (2005), ‘Welfare reform and citizenship’, in Mead, L. and Beem, C. (eds.), Welfare Reform and Political Theory, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 172–99.Google Scholar
Mead, L. and Beem, C. (eds.) (2005), Welfare Reform and Political Theory, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Millar, J. (2000), Keeping Track of Welfare Reform: The New Deal Programmes, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Miller, D. (2005), ‘What is social justice?’, in Pearce, N. and Paxton, W. (eds.), Social Justice, London: Politicos, pp. 320.Google Scholar
Murray, C. (1984), Losing Ground, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Novak, T. (1997), ‘Hounding delinquents: the introduction of the jobseeker's allowance’, Critical Social Policy, 17, 1, 99109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nozick, R. (1974), Anarchy, State and Utopia, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
OECD (2008), Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Osbourne, G. (2008), ‘On fairness’, speech to Demos, 21 August, available at www.conservatives.com/News/Speeches/2008/08/George_Osborne_On_Fairness.aspx, accessed 1 November 2008.Google Scholar
Park, A., Phillips, M. and Robinson, C. (2007), Attitudes to Poverty: Findings from the British Social Attitudes Survey, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Powell, M. (1999), ‘Introduction’, in Powell, M. (ed.) New Labour, New Welfare State?, Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 128.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (1999), A Theory of Justice (revised edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reay, D., David, M. and Ball, S. (2005), Degrees of Choice: Social Class, Race and Gender in Higher Education, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books.Google Scholar
Runciman, W. (1966), Relative Deprivation and Social Justice, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Sefton, T. (2005), ‘Give and take: attitudes to redistribution’, in Park, A., Curtice, J., Thomson, K., Bromley, C., Phillips, M. and Johnson, M. (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 22nd Report, London: National Centre for Social Research, Sage, pp. 132.Google Scholar
Sefton, T. and Sutherland, H. (2005), ‘Inequality and poverty under New Labour’, in Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (eds.), A More Equal Society? New Labour, Poverty, Inequality and Exclusion, Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 231–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sevenhuijsen, S. (1998), Citizenship and the Ethics of Care: Feminist Considerations on Justice, Morality and Politics, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2005), ‘Attitudes to social justice’, in Pearce, N. and Paxton, W. (eds.), Social Justice, London: Politicos, pp.106–30.Google Scholar
Turner, R., Bostyn, A. and Wight, D. (1985), ‘The work ethic in a Scottish town with declining employment’, in Roberts, B., Finnegan, R. and Gallie, D. (eds.), New Approaches to Economic Life, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 476–89.Google Scholar
Van Parijs, P. (1995), Real Freedom for All, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
White, M. (1991), Against Unemployment, London: Policy Studies Institute.Google Scholar
White, S. (2003), The Civic Minimum, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wight, D. (1993), Workers not Wasters, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, F. (2001), ‘In and beyond New Labour: towards a new political ethics of care’, Critical Social Policy, 21, 4, 467–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, F., Popay, J. and Oakley, A. (eds.) (1999), Welfare Research: A Critical Review, London: UCL Press.Google Scholar
Wintour, P. (2008), ‘Labour to tighten rules on benefits’, The Guardian, 11 December 2008, p. 12.Google Scholar